a. 

PT \(\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} 2x-2\geq 0\\ x^2-2x+4=(2x-2)^2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} x\geq 1\\ 3x^2-6x=0\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} x\geq 1\\ 3x(x-2)=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow x=2\)

b. ĐK: $x\geq 1$
PT $\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{(x-1)+2\sqrt{x-1}+1}=2$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{(\sqrt{x-1}+1)^2}=2$

$\Leftrightarrow |\sqrt{x-1}+1|=2$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x-1}+1=2$
$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x-1}=1$

$\Leftrightarrow x=2$ (tm)

c. 

PT \(\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} 2x-1\geq 0\\ 2x^2-2x+1=(2x-1)^2\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} x\geq \frac{1}{2}\\ 2x^2-2x+1=4x^2-4x+1\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow \left\{\begin{matrix} x\geq \frac{1}{2}\\ 2x^2-2x=2x(x-1)=0\end{matrix}\right.\Leftrightarrow x=1\) (tm)

d.

ĐKXĐ: $x\geq 4$

PT $\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{(x-4)+4\sqrt{x-4}+4}=2$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{(\sqrt{x-4}+2)^2}=2$
$\Leftrightarrow |\sqrt{x-4}+2|=2$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x-4}+2=2$

$\Leftrightarrow \sqrt{x-4}=0$

$\Leftrightarrow x=4$ (tm)

a: Ta có: \(\sqrt{x^2-2x+4}=2x-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-2x+4=4x^2-8x+4\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-3x^2+6x=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-3x\left(x-2\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=2\)

b: Ta có: \(\sqrt{x+2\sqrt{x-1}}=2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left|\sqrt{x-1}+1\right|=2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1}+1=2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x-1=1\)

hay x=2

c: Ta có: \(\sqrt{2x^2-2x+1}=2x-1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2x^2-2x+1=4x^2-4x+1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-2x^2+2x=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow-2x\left(x-1\right)=0\)

hay x=1

a, ĐK: \(x\ge1\)

\(\sqrt{x-\sqrt{x^2-1}}+\sqrt{x+\sqrt{x^2-1}}=2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x-2\sqrt{x^2-1}}+\sqrt{2x+2\sqrt{x^2-1}}=2\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-1+x+1-2\sqrt{\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)}}+\sqrt{x-1+x+1+2\sqrt{\left(x-1\right)\left(x+1\right)}}=2\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{x-1}-\sqrt{x+1}\right)^2}+\sqrt{\left(\sqrt{x-1}+\sqrt{x+1}\right)^2}=2\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x+1}-\sqrt{x-1}+\sqrt{x-1}+\sqrt{x+1}=2\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\sqrt{x+1}=2\sqrt{2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x+1=2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=1\left(tm\right)\)

b, ĐK: \(x\ge-1+\sqrt{2},x\le-1-\sqrt{2}\)

Đặt \(\sqrt{x^2+2x-1}=t\left(t\ge0\right)\)

\(pt\Leftrightarrow2\left(1-x\right)t=t^2-4x\)

\(\Leftrightarrow t^2-4x+2xt-2t=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(t-2\right)\left(2x+t\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}t=2\\t=-2x\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{x^2+2x-1}=2\\\sqrt{x^2+2x-1}=-2x\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x^2+2x-5=0\\\sqrt{x^2+2x-1}=-2x\left(vn\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x=-1\pm\sqrt{6}\left(tm\right)\)

a/ ĐKXĐ: \(x\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}+2x+1+2\sqrt{x^2+x}-2=0\)

Đặt \(\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}=a>0\Rightarrow a^2=2x+1+2\sqrt{x^2+x}\)

\(\Rightarrow a+a^2-2=0\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a=1\\a=-2\left(l\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}=1\)

Mà \(x\ge0\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\sqrt{x}\ge0\\\sqrt{x+1}\ge1\end{matrix}\right.\) \(\Rightarrow\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}\ge1\)

Dấu "=" xảy ra khi và chỉ khi \(x=0\)

b/ ĐKXĐ: \(x\ge2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-2}-\sqrt{x+2}+2x-2\sqrt{x^2-4}-2=0\)

Đặt \(\sqrt{x-2}-\sqrt{x+2}=a< 0\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2=2x-2\sqrt{x^2-4}\) , pt trở thành:

\(a+a^2-2=0\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a=1\left(l\right)\\a=-2\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{x-2}-\sqrt{x+2}=-2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x-2}+2=\sqrt{x+2}\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x+2+4\sqrt{x-2}=x+2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow4\sqrt{x-2}=0\Rightarrow x=2\)

c/ĐKXĐ: \(x\ge-1\)

\(\Leftrightarrow3x+4+2\sqrt{2x^2+5x+3}-\left(\sqrt{2x+3}+\sqrt{x+1}\right)-20=0\)

Đặt \(\sqrt{2x+3}+\sqrt{x+1}=a>0\)

\(\Rightarrow a^2=3x+4+2\sqrt{2x^2+5x+3}\), ta được:

\(a^2-a-20=0\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a=5\\a=-4\left(l\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow\sqrt{2x+3}+\sqrt{x+1}=5\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{2x+3}-3+\sqrt{x+1}-2=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\frac{2\left(x-3\right)}{\sqrt{2x+3}+3}+\frac{x-3}{\sqrt{x+1}+2}=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-3\right)\left(\frac{2}{\sqrt{2x+3}+3}+\frac{1}{\sqrt{x+1}+2}\right)=0\)

\(\Rightarrow x=3\)

d/ ĐKXĐ: \(x\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow2\sqrt{x^2+x}-4x+\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}+6x-1=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x+1}+\sqrt{x}+2x+1+2\sqrt{x^2+x}-2=0\)

Đến đây thì nó giống hệt câu a không khác 1 chữ nào

e/ ĐKXĐ: \(x\ge-3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2+x+3+2x\sqrt{x+3}+x+\sqrt{x+3}-12=0\)

Đặt \(x+\sqrt{x+3}=a\ge-3\Rightarrow a^2=x^2+x+3+2x\sqrt{x+3}\)

Phương trình trở thành:

\(a^2+a-12=0\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}a=3\\a=-4\left(l\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Rightarrow x+\sqrt{x+3}=3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\sqrt{x+3}=3-x\) (\(x\le3\))

\(\Leftrightarrow x+3=\left(3-x\right)^2\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^2-7x+6=0\Rightarrow\left[{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\x=6\left(l\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)

a: =>\(x^2\cdot2\sqrt{2}+x\left(2+2\sqrt{2}\right)+4=0\)

\(\text{Δ}=\left(2\sqrt{2}+2\right)^2-4\cdot2\sqrt{2}\cdot4=12-24\sqrt{2}< 0\)

=>PTVN

b: 

\(\Leftrightarrow2x^2+2x+\sqrt{3}-x^2+2\sqrt{3}x+\sqrt{3}=0\)

=>\(x^2+x\left(2\sqrt{3}+2\right)+2\sqrt{3}=0\)

\(\text{Δ}=\left(2\sqrt{3}+2\right)^2-4\cdot2\sqrt{3}=16>0\)

PT có hai nghiệm là;

\(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x_1=\dfrac{-2\sqrt{3}-2-4}{2}=-\sqrt{3}-3\\x=\dfrac{-2\sqrt{3}-2+4}{2}=-\sqrt{3}+1\end{matrix}\right.\)