BĐT cần chứng minh tương đương:

\(x^4+y^4\ge x^3y+xy^3\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^4-x^3y+y^4-xy^3\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^3\left(x-y\right)-y^3\left(x-y\right)\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-y\right)\left(x^3-y^3\right)\ge0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\left(x-y\right)^2\left(x^2+xy+y^2\right)\ge0\) (luôn đúng)

Vậy BĐT đã cho đúng

Ta có bất đẳng thức $a^2+b^2 \geq \dfrac{(a+b)^2}{2}

$⇔2.(a^2+b^2) \geq (a+b)^2$

$⇔(a-b)^2 \geq 0$ (đúng)

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức trên cho $\dfrac{x}{y}$ và $\dfrac{y}{x}$ có:

$\dfrac{x^2}{y^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{x^2} $

$\geq \dfrac{(\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x})^2}{2}$

Hay $2.\dfrac{x^2}{y^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{x^2} \geq (\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x})^2$

Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy (Cô-si) có:

$\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x} \geq 2.\sqrt[]{\dfrac{x}{y}.\dfrac{y}{x}}=2$

Nên $(\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x}).(\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x}) \geq 2.(\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x})$

Hay $ (\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x})^2  \geq 2.(\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x})$

Suy ra $2.\dfrac{x^2}{y^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{x^2} \geq 2.(\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x})$

Hay $\dfrac{x^2}{y^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{x^2} \geq (\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{x})(đpcm)$

Dấu $=$ xảy ra $⇔x=y$

Đề bài sai

Hãy thử với \(\left(x;y;z\right)=\left(100;1;100\right)\)

\(VT=\dfrac{x}{y+z}+1+\dfrac{25y}{x+z}+25+\dfrac{4z}{x+y}+4-30\)

\(VT=\left(x+y+z\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{y+z}+\dfrac{25}{x+z}+\dfrac{4}{x+y}\right)-30\)

\(VT\ge\left(x+y+z\right).\dfrac{\left(1+5+2\right)^2}{2\left(x+y+z\right)}-30=2\)

Nhưng dấu "=" không xảy ra với x;y;z dương

Lời giải:

Giả sử $x>0; y< 0$. Khi đó:

\((xy-x^2)\sqrt{\frac{-y}{x}}=(y-x)x\sqrt{\frac{-y}{x}}=(y-x)\sqrt{-xy}\)

\((xy-y^2)\sqrt{\frac{-x}{y}}=(x-y)y\sqrt{\frac{-x}{y}}=(y-x)(-y)\sqrt{\frac{-x}{y}}=(y-x)\sqrt{(-y)^2.\frac{-x}{y}}=(y-x)\sqrt{-xy}\)

\(\Rightarrow (xy-x^2)\sqrt{\frac{-y}{x}}=(xy-y^2)\sqrt{\frac{-x}{y}}\Rightarrow \frac{xy-x^2}{\sqrt{\frac{-x}{y}}}=\frac{xy-y^2}{\sqrt{\frac{-y}{x}}}\) (đpcm)

Đặt \(P=\left(\dfrac{x-y}{z}+\dfrac{y-z}{x}+\dfrac{z-x}{y}\right)\left(\dfrac{z}{x-y}+\dfrac{x}{y-z}+\dfrac{y}{z-x}\right)=9\)

Đặt \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\dfrac{x-y}{z}=a\\\dfrac{y-z}{x}=b\\\dfrac{x-z}{y}=c\end{matrix}\right.\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\left(a+b+c\right)\left(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\right)\\ =1+\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{a}{c}+\dfrac{b}{a}+1+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{a}+\dfrac{c}{b}+1\\ =3+\dfrac{a+c}{b}+\dfrac{a+b}{c}+\dfrac{b+c}{a}\)

Ta có \(\dfrac{a+c}{b}=\dfrac{\dfrac{x-y}{z}+\dfrac{z-x}{y}}{\dfrac{y-z}{x}}=\dfrac{xy-y^2+z^2-xz}{yz}\cdot\dfrac{x}{y-z}\)

\(=\dfrac{\left(z-y\right)\left(y+z-x\right)x}{yz\left(y-z\right)}=\dfrac{x\left(x-y-z\right)}{yz}\)

Mà \(x+y+z=0\Leftrightarrow x=-y-z\)

\(\Leftrightarrow\dfrac{a+c}{b}=\dfrac{x\left(x+x\right)}{yz}=\dfrac{2x^2}{yz}\)

Cmtt ta được \(\dfrac{a+b}{c}=\dfrac{2y^2}{xz};\dfrac{b+c}{a}=\dfrac{2z^2}{xy}\)

Cộng vế theo vế

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{2x^2}{yz}+\dfrac{2y^2}{xz}+\dfrac{2z^2}{xy}+3=\dfrac{2x^3+2y^3+2z^3}{xyz}+3\\ \Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{2\left(x^3+y^3+z^3\right)}{xyz}+3\)

Lại có \(x+y+z=0\Leftrightarrow\left(x+y+z\right)\left(x^2+y^2+z^2-xy-yz-xz\right)=0\)

\(\Leftrightarrow x^3+y^3+z^3-3xyz=0\\ \Leftrightarrow x^3+y^3+z^3=3xyz\)

Thế vào \(P\)

\(\Leftrightarrow P=\dfrac{2\cdot3xyz}{xyz}+3=6+3=9\)

Áp dụng BĐT cosi cho 3 số x;y;z dương

\(\dfrac{x^2}{y^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{z^2}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{x^2y^2}{y^2z^2}}=\dfrac{2x}{z}\\ \dfrac{y^2}{z^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{x^2}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{y^2z^2}{x^2z^2}}=\dfrac{2y}{z}\\ \dfrac{x^2}{y^2}+\dfrac{z^2}{x^2}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{x^2z^2}{x^2y^2}}=\dfrac{2z}{y}\)

Cộng vế theo vế 

\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(\dfrac{x^2}{y^2}+\dfrac{y^2}{z^2}+\dfrac{x^2}{z^2}\right)\ge2\left(\dfrac{x}{y}+\dfrac{y}{z}+\dfrac{z}{x}\right)\)

\(\LeftrightarrowĐpcm\)

Thầy Ngô Văn Thái