a: \(=x^3\left(x-2\right)+x\left(x-2\right)=x\left(x-2\right)\left(x^2+1\right)\)
b: \(=x^3\left(x+1\right)-8\left(x+1\right)\)
\(=\left(x+1\right)\left(x-2\right)\left(x^2+2x+4\right)\)
c: \(=x\left(x+y\right)-\left(x+y\right)=\left(x+y\right)\left(x-1\right)\)
d: \(=y\left(x+1\right)-\left(x+1\right)\left(x-1\right)\)
\(=\left(x+1\right)\left(y-x+1\right)\)