a, 2.(x – 5)+7 = 77

<=> 2.(x – 5) = 70 <=> x – 5 = 35 <=> x = 40

b,  x - 1 3 - 3 5 : 3 4 + 2 . 2 3 = 14

<=> x - 1 3 - 3 + 2 4 = 14

<=>  x - 1 3 = 14 + 3 - 16 = 1

<=> x – 1 = 1 <=> x = 2

c,  1 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + . . . + 2 2016 = 2 x - 1 - 1

Đặt: A = 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + . . . + 2 2016 => 2A =  2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + . . . + 2 2017

=> 2A – A = ( 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + . . . + 2 2017 ) – ( 1 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + . . . + 2 2016 )

=> A =  2 2017 - 1

Ta có:  1 + 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + . . . + 2 2016 = 2 x - 1 - 1 =>  2 2017 - 1 =  2 x - 1 - 1 => x = 2018

d,  5 2 x - 3 - 2 . 5 2 = 5 2 . 3

<=>  5 2 x - 3 = 5 2 . 3 + 5 2 . 2

<=>  5 2 x - 3 = 5 2 . ( 3 + 2 )

<=>  5 2 x - 3 = 5 3

<=> 2x – 3 = 3 => x = 3

a) \(A=1+2+2^2+...+2^{80}\)

\(2A=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{81}\)

\(2A-A=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{81}-1-2-2^2-...-2^{80}\)

\(A=2^{81}-1\)

Nên A + 1 là:

\(A+1=2^{81}-1+1=2^{81}\)

b) \(B=1+3+3^2+...+3^{99}\)

\(3B=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{100}\)

\(3B-B=3+3^2+3^3+...+3^{100}-1-3-3^2-...-3^{99}\)

\(2B=3^{100}-1\)

Nên 2B + 1 là:

\(2B+1=3^{100}-1+1=3^{100}\)

2) 

a) \(2^x\cdot\left(1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\right)+1=2^{2016}\)

Gọi:

\(A=1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\)

\(2A=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{2016}\)

\(A=2^{2016}-1\)

Ta có:

\(2^x\cdot\left(2^{2016}-1\right)+1=2^{2016}\)

\(\Rightarrow2^x\cdot\left(2^{2016}-1\right)=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^x=\dfrac{2^{2016}-1}{2^{2016}-1}=1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^x=2^0\)

\(\Rightarrow x=0\)

b) \(8^x-1=1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\)

Gọi: \(B=1+2+2^2+...+2^{2015}\)

\(2B=2+2^2+2^3+...+2^{2016}\)

\(B=2^{2016}-1\)

Ta có:

\(8^x-1=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow\left(2^3\right)^x-1=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^{3x}-1=2^{2016}-1\)

\(\Rightarrow2^{3x}=2^{2016}\)

\(\Rightarrow3x=2016\)

\(\Rightarrow x=\dfrac{2016}{3}\)

\(\Rightarrow x=672\)

\(A=2^1+2^2+2^3+...+2^{2016}\)

\(\Rightarrow A=2\left(1+2^1+2^2\right)+2^4\left(1+2^1+2^2\right)...+2^{2014}\left(1+2^1+2^2\right)\)

\(\Rightarrow A=2.7+2^4.7...+2^{2014}.7\)

\(\Rightarrow A=7\left(2+2^4...+2^{2014}\right)⋮7\)

\(\Rightarrow dpcm\)

1.\(\left(x+5\right)^2=x^2+10x+25\)

2. \(\left(2x-5y\right)^2=4x^2-20xy+25y^2\)

3. \(\left(x+8\right)\left(x-8\right)=x^2-64\)

4. \(\left(x+4\right)^3=x^3+12x^2+48x+64\)

5. \(\left(2x-1\right)^3=8x^3-12x^2+6x-1\)

a, \(\dfrac{7}{22}\) - \(\dfrac{15}{23}\) + \(\dfrac{2022}{2023}\) - \(\dfrac{8}{23}\) + \(\dfrac{15}{22}\)

= ( \(\dfrac{7}{22}\) + \(\dfrac{15}{22}\)) - ( \(\dfrac{15}{23}+\dfrac{18}{23}\)) + \(\dfrac{2022}{2023}\)

= \(\dfrac{22}{22}\) - \(\dfrac{23}{23}\) + \(\dfrac{2022}{2023}\)

= 1 - 1 + \(\dfrac{2022}{2023}\)

= \(\dfrac{2022}{2023}\) 

b, - \(\dfrac{2}{11}\) + 5\(\dfrac{5}{6}\) ( 14\(\dfrac{1}{5}\) - 11\(\dfrac{1}{5}\)): 5\(\dfrac{1}{2}\)

= - \(\dfrac{2}{11}\) + \(\dfrac{35}{6}\) ( \(\dfrac{71}{5}\) - \(\dfrac{56}{5}\)) : \(\dfrac{11}{2}\)

= - \(\dfrac{2}{11}\) + \(\dfrac{35}{6}\) . \(\dfrac{15}{5}\) : \(\dfrac{11}{2}\)

= - \(\dfrac{2}{11}\) + \(\dfrac{35}{2}\) \(\times\) \(\dfrac{2}{11}\)

= - \(\dfrac{2}{11}\) + \(\dfrac{35}{11}\)

= \(\dfrac{33}{11}\)

= 3 

c, 2000 + { 20 - [ 4.2022⁰ - (3² + 5):2] }

= 2000 + { 20 - [ 4.1 - (9+5):2]}

= 2000 + { 20 - [ 4 - 14 : 2 ]}

= 2000 + { 20 - [ 4 -7]}

= 2000 + { 20 - (-3)}

= 2000 + 23

= 2023