Bài 1: Phương pháp quy nạp toán học

a)
\(S_1=\dfrac{1}{1.5}=\dfrac{1}{5}\)
\(S_2=\dfrac{1}{1.5}+\dfrac{1}{5.9}=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{1}-\dfrac{1}{5}\right)+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{9}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{9}\right)=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{9}\right)=\dfrac{2}{9}\).
\(S_3=\dfrac{1}{1.5}+\dfrac{1}{5.9}+\dfrac{1}{9.13}=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}-\dfrac{1}{13}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{13}\right)=\dfrac{3}{13}\).
\(S_4=\dfrac{1}{1.5}+\dfrac{1}{5.9}+\dfrac{1}{9.13}+\dfrac{1}{13.17}\)\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{5}+\dfrac{1}{5}-\dfrac{1}{9}+\dfrac{1}{9}-\dfrac{1}{13}+\dfrac{1}{13}-\dfrac{1}{17}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{17}\right)=\dfrac{4}{17}\).
b) Dự đoán công thức : \(S_n=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4n+1}\right)\).
Chứng minh bằng quay nạp:
Với \(n=1\): \(S_1=\dfrac{1}{1.5}=\dfrac{1}{5}\).
Vậy giả thiết quy nạp đúng với n = 1.
Giả sử điều cần chứng minh đúng với \(n=k\).
Nghĩa là: \(S_k=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4k+1}\right)\).
Ta sẽ chứng minh nó đúng với \(n=k+1\): \(S_{k+1}=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4\left(k+1\right)+1}\right)\)
Thật vậy:
\(S_{k+1}=S_k+\dfrac{1}{\left[4\left(k+1\right)-3\right].\left[4\left(k+1\right)+1\right]}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4k+1}\right)+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{4\left(k+1\right)-3}-\dfrac{1}{4\left(k+1\right)+1}\right)\)

\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4k+1}\right)+\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\dfrac{1}{4k+1}-\dfrac{1}{4\left(k+1\right)+1}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(1-\dfrac{1}{4\left(k+1\right)+1}\right)\).
Vậy điều cần chứng minh đúng với mọi n.