Lời giải:
a.
$x^2-x=y^2-1$
$\Leftrightarrow x^2-x+1=y^2$
$\Leftrightarrow 4x^2-4x+4=4y^2$
$\Leftrightarrow (2x-1)^2+3=(2y)^2$
$\Leftrightarrow 3=(2y)^2-(2x-1)^2=(2y-2x+1)(2y+2x-1)$
Đến đây xét các TH:
TH1: $2y-2x+1=1; 2y+2x-1=3$
TH2: $2y-2x+1=-1; 2y+2x-1=-3$
TH3: $2y-2x+1=3; 2y+2x-1=1$
TH4: $2y-2x+1=-3; 2y+2x-1=-1$
b.
$x^2+12x=y^2$
$\Leftrightarrow (x+6)^2=y^2+36$
$\Leftrightarrow 36=(x+6)^2-y^2=(x+6-y)(x+6+y)$
Đến đây xét trường hợp tương tự phần a.
c.
$x^2+xy-2y-x-5=0$
$\Leftrightarrow x^2+xy=x+2y+5$
$\Leftrightarrow 4x^2+4xy=4x+8y+20$
$\Leftrightarrow (2x+y)^2=4x+8y+20+y^2$
$\Leftrightarrow (2x+y)^2-2(2x+y)+1=y^2+6y+21$
$\Leftrightarrow (2x+y-1)^2=(y+3)^2+12$
$\Leftrightarrow (2x+y-1)^2-(y+3)^2=12$
$\Leftrightarrow (2x+y-1-y-3)(2x+y-1+y+3)=12$
$\Leftrightarrow (2x-4)(2x+2y+2)=12$
$\Leftrightarrow (x-2)(x+y+1)=3$
Đến đây đơn giản rồi.
a) \(x^2-x=y^2-1\)
\(\Rightarrow x^2-x+1=y^2\)
\(\Rightarrow4x^2-4x+4=4y^2\)
\(\Rightarrow4x^2-4x+1+3=\left(2y\right)^2\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(2x+1\right)^2-\left(2y\right)^2=-3\)
\(\Rightarrow\left(2x-2y+1\right)\left(2x+2y+1\right)=-3\)
Vì \(x,y\in Z\Rightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}\left(2x-2y+1\right)\left(2x+2y+1\right)\in Z\\\left(2x-2y+1\right)\left(2x+2y+1\right)\inƯ\left(7\right)\end{matrix}\right.\)
Ta có bảng:
| x-y | -1 | 0 | -2 | 1 |
| x+y | 1 | -2 | 0 | -1 |
| x | 0 | -1 | -1 | 0 |
| y | 1 | -1 | -1 | -1 |
Vậy \(\left(x,y\right)\in\left\{\left(0;1\right);\left(-1;-1\right);\left(-1;-1\right);\left(0;-1\right)\right\}\)