Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions from 45 to 50.
The Atmosphere of Venus
Venus, also called the Morning Star and Evening Star, is the second-closest planet to the sun and the brightest object in the night sky. The planet orbits the sun every two hundred and twenty four Earth-days and is sometimes referred to as Earth’s sister planet because the two share both a similar size and bulk. What is not similar, however, is Venus’s atmosphere in comparison to Earth’s atmosphere.
The atmosphere on Venus is much heavier and has a higher density than that of Earth. Venus’s atmosphere also expands significantly higher than Earth’s atmosphere although a thick cloud cover makes the surface of Venus nearly impossible to see unless observed through radar mapping.
While the pressure and temperature of Venus’s upper atmosphere are comparable to those of Earth, the heat and pressure of the lower atmosphere are not unlike a furnace. Venus’s atmosphere is very thick due to a composition consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, and a small amount of nitrogen. If man could survive the extreme heat of Venus’s surface (400 degrees Celsius), then he would have to contend with a surface pressure that is more than 90 times that of Earth. Venus’s extremely high temperature is thanks to the greenhouse effect caused by such a large amount of carbon dioxide. The greenhouse effect is a process by which the sun’s infrared radiation is more readily absorbed by the atmosphere. Just like in a real greenhouse used to grow plants years round, the proliferation of carbon dioxide traps radiation and warms Venus’s atmosphere. Due to this phenomenon, Venus boasts a higher atmospheric temperature than Mercury, even though Venus is twice the distance from the sun.
However, scientists postulate that Venus’s atmosphere was not always so hot. Studies show that large bodies of water were once on Venus’s surface but that eventually evaporation of all the water caused the runaway greenhouse effect which regulates the planet today.Thus Venus has become a critical study for today’s scientists, as human being are only beginning to struggle with the early stages of the greenhouse effect. Our problems do not stem from evaporated water supplies but from a propagation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases due to industrial and automobile emissions.
Another interesting characteristic to note regarding Venus’s atmosphere is that its daytime temperatures and nighttime temperatures are not that far removed from each other. This is due to the thermal inertia, the ability of a substance to store heat despite changing temperatures and the transfer of heat by Venus’s strong winds. Although winds on the surface of Venus move slowly in comparison with Earth’s winds, Venus’s air is so dense that a slow-moving there can move large obstructions and even skip stones along the planet’s surface.
In 1966, humankind made its first attempt at sending a recording instrument into Venus’s atmosphere. The Venera 3 probe did collide with Venus surface; however, the abrupt impact caused its communication system to fail, and it was unable to send and feedback. In 1967, Venera 4 successfully enter Venus’s atmosphere and was able to take many readings, one of which recorded that Venus’s atmosphere was between ninety and ninety-five percent carbon dioxide. Subsequent Venera probes were sent into Venus’s atmosphere, but most of them succumbed to the crushing air pressure.
According to paragraph 3, the greenhouse effect on Venus is owed to
A. the small amounts of nitrogen
B. the rapid increasing amounts of carbon dioxide
C. growing plants
D. the high atmospheric temperatures
Đáp án B
Thông tin: Venus’s extremely high temperature is thanks to the greenhouse effect caused by such a large amount of carbon dioxide … Just like in a real greenhouse used to grow plants years round, the proliferation of carbon dioxide traps radiation and warms Venus’s atmosphere.
Dịch nghĩa: Nhiệt độ cực cao của Venus là do hiệu ứng nhà kính gây ra bởi một lượng lớn carbon dioxide ... Cũng giống như trong một nhà kính thực được sử dụng để trồng cây quanh năm, sự gia tăng nhanh chóng của khí carbon dioxide nhốt các tia bức xạ và làm ấm không khí của Venus.
Phương án B. the rapid increasing amounts of carbon dioxide = sự gia tăng nhanh chóng của khí carbon dioxide; là phương án chính xác nhất.
A. the small amounts of nitrogen = lượng nhỏ khí nitơ
Venus’s atmosphere is very thick due to a composition consisting mainly of carbon dioxide, and a small amount of nitrogen = khí quyển của Kim tinh là rất dày do một thành phần chủ yếu gồm carbon dioxide, và một lượng nhỏ nitơ.
Thông tin này chỉ giải thích lượng nhỏ nitơ khiến khí quyển dày, chứ không giải thích hiện tượng hiệu ứng nhà kính trên sao Kim.
C. growing plants = trồng cây.
Just like in a real greenhouse used to grow plants years round = Cũng giống như trong một nhà kính thực được sử dụng để trồng cây quanh năm.
Đây chỉ là một ví dụ để giải thích rõ hơn cho hiệu ứng nhà kính, chứ không phải nguyên nhân gây ra nó.
D. the high atmospheric temperatures = nhiệt độ không khí cao.
If man could survive the extreme heat of Venus’s surface (400 degrees Celsius) = Nếu con người có thể sống sót trong nhiệt độ cực cao của bề mặt Sao Kim (400 độ C).
Phương án này nói về độ khắc nghiệt của nhiệt độ trên sao Kim chứ không giải thích về hiệu ứng nhà kính