\(x-2y=5\Rightarrow x=5+2y\)
\(\Rightarrow M=x^2-3y^2-4y-1=\left(5+2y\right)^2-3y^2-4y-1\)
\(=\left(4y^2+20y+25\right)-3y^2-4y-1\)
\(=y^2+16y+24\)
\(=\left(y^2+16y+64\right)-40\)
\(=\left(y+8\right)^2-40\ge-40\)
Dấu "=" xảy ra \(\Leftrightarrow\left(y+8\right)^2=0\Leftrightarrow y=-8\Rightarrow x=2y+5=-16+5=-11\)
Vậy GTNN của M là -40\(\Leftrightarrow x=-11;y=-8\)