Bài 3. Các công thức lượng giác

Tham khảo:

\(cos\left(\alpha-\beta\right)=x_M\cdot x_N=cos\alpha\cdot cos\beta+sin\alpha\cdot sin\beta\\ cos\left(\alpha+\beta\right)=cos\left[\alpha-\left(-\beta\right)\right]=cos\alpha\cdot cos\left(-\beta\right)+sin\alpha\cdot sin\left(-\beta\right)=cos\alpha\cdot cos\beta-sin\alpha\cdot sin\beta\)

\(sin\left(\dfrac{\pi}{12}\right)=sin\left(\dfrac{\pi}{3}-\dfrac{\pi}{4}\right)=sin\dfrac{\pi}{3}cos\dfrac{\pi}{4}-cos\dfrac{\pi}{3}sin\dfrac{\pi}{4}=\dfrac{\sqrt{3}}{2}\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}-\dfrac{1}{2}\cdot\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}=\dfrac{\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}}{4}\\ cos\left(\dfrac{\pi}{12}\right)=\dfrac{\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{2}}{4}\\ tan\left(\dfrac{\pi}{12}\right)=\dfrac{sin\dfrac{\pi}{12}}{cos\dfrac{\pi}{12}}=\dfrac{\dfrac{\sqrt{6}-\sqrt{2}}{4}}{\dfrac{\sqrt{6}+\sqrt{2}}{4}}=2-\sqrt{3}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}\cos \left( {\alpha  + \alpha } \right) = \cos 2\alpha  = \cos \alpha \cos \alpha  - \sin \alpha sin\alpha  = {\cos ^2}\alpha  - {\sin ^2}\alpha \\ = {\cos ^2}\alpha  + {\sin ^2}\alpha  - 2{\sin ^2}\alpha  = 1 - 2{\sin ^2}\alpha  = 2{\cos ^2}a - 1\end{array}\)

\(\tan 2\alpha  = \tan \left( {\alpha  + \alpha } \right) = \frac{{\tan \alpha  + \tan \alpha }}{{1 - \tan \alpha .\tan \alpha }} = \frac{{2\tan a}}{{1 - {{\tan }^2}a}}\)

Ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l}cos\left( {\frac{\pi }{4}} \right) = cos\left( {2.\frac{\pi }{8}} \right) = 2co{s^2}\frac{\pi }{8} - 1 = \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2}\\ \Rightarrow co{s^2}\frac{\pi }{8} = \frac{{\sqrt 2  + 2}}{4}\end{array}\)

\( \Rightarrow cos\frac{\pi }{8} = \sqrt {\frac{{\sqrt 2  + 2}}{4}}  = \frac{{\sqrt {\sqrt 2  + 2} }}{2}\) (vì \(0 < \frac{\pi }{8} < \frac{\pi }{2}\))

Ta có:

\(\tan \left( {\frac{\pi }{4}} \right) = \tan \left( {2.\frac{\pi }{8}} \right) = \frac{{2\tan \frac{\pi }{8}}}{{1 - {{\tan }^2}\frac{\pi }{8}}} = 1\)

\(\begin{array}{l} \Leftrightarrow 1 - {\tan ^2}\frac{\pi }{8} = 2\tan \frac{\pi }{8}\\ \Leftrightarrow {\tan ^2}\frac{\pi }{8} + 2\tan \frac{\pi }{8} - 1 = 0\end{array}\)

\( \Leftrightarrow \tan \frac{\pi }{8} =  - 1 + \sqrt 2 \)(vì \(0 < \frac{\pi }{8} < \frac{\pi }{2}\))

a,

\(\begin{array}{l}\cos \left( {\alpha  - b} \right) + \cos \left( {\alpha  + \beta } \right)\\ = \cos \alpha \cos \beta  + \sin \alpha sin\beta  + \cos \alpha \cos \beta  - \sin \alpha sin\beta \\ = 2\cos \alpha \cos \beta \end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}\cos \left( {\alpha  - b} \right) - \cos \left( {\alpha  + \beta } \right)\\ = \cos \alpha \cos \beta  + \sin \alpha sin\beta  - \cos \alpha \cos \beta  + \sin \alpha sin\beta \\ = 2\sin \alpha sin\beta \end{array}\)

b,

\(\begin{array}{l}\sin \left( {\alpha  - \beta } \right) - \sin \left( {\alpha  + \beta } \right)\\ = \sin \alpha \cos \beta  - \cos \alpha sin\beta  - \sin \alpha \cos \beta  - \cos \alpha sin\beta \\ =  - 2\cos \alpha sin\beta \end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}\sin \left( {\alpha  - \beta } \right) + \sin \left( {\alpha  + \beta } \right)\\ = \sin \alpha \cos \beta  - \cos \alpha sin\beta  + \sin \alpha \cos \beta  + \cos \alpha sin\beta \\ = 2\sin \alpha \cos \beta \end{array}\)

Ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l}\sin \frac{\pi }{{24}}\cos \frac{{5\pi }}{{24}} = \frac{1}{2}\left[ {\sin \left( {\frac{\pi }{{24}} + \frac{{5\pi }}{{24}}} \right) + \sin \left( {\frac{\pi }{{24}} - \frac{{5\pi }}{{24}}} \right)} \right]\\ = \frac{1}{2}\left[ {\sin \left( {\frac{\pi }{4}} \right) + \sin \left( { - \frac{\pi }{6}} \right)} \right]\\ = \frac{1}{2}\left[ {\frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2} - \frac{1}{2}} \right] = \frac{{\sqrt 2  - 1}}{4}\end{array}\)

Ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l}\sin \frac{{7\pi }}{8}\sin \frac{{5\pi }}{8} = \frac{1}{2}\left[ {\cos \left( {\frac{{7\pi }}{8} - \frac{{5\pi }}{8}} \right) - \cos \left( {\frac{{7\pi }}{8} + \frac{{5\pi }}{8}} \right)} \right]\\ = \frac{1}{2}\left[ {\cos \left( {\frac{\pi }{4}} \right) - \cos \left( {\frac{{3\pi }}{2}} \right)} \right]\\ = \frac{1}{2}.\left( {\frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2} + 0} \right) = \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{4}\end{array}\)

Ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l}\cos \alpha \cos \beta  = \cos \frac{{\alpha  + \beta }}{2}\cos \frac{{\alpha  - \beta }}{2}\\ = \frac{1}{2}\left[ {\cos \left( {\frac{{\alpha  + \beta }}{2} + \frac{{\alpha  - \beta }}{2}} \right) + \cos \left( {\frac{{\alpha  + \beta }}{2} - \frac{{\alpha  - \beta }}{2}} \right)} \right]\\ = \frac{1}{2}\left( {\cos \alpha  + \cos \beta } \right)\end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}\sin \alpha \sin \beta  = \sin \frac{{\alpha  + \beta }}{2}\sin \frac{{\alpha  - \beta }}{2}\\ = \frac{1}{2}\left[ {\cos \left( {\frac{{\alpha  + \beta }}{2} - \frac{{\alpha  - \beta }}{2}} \right) - \cos \left( {\frac{{\alpha  + \beta }}{2} + \frac{{\alpha  - \beta }}{2}} \right)} \right]\\ = \frac{1}{2}\left( {\cos \beta  - \cos \alpha } \right)\end{array}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}\sin \alpha \cos \beta  = \sin \frac{{\alpha  + \beta }}{2}\cos \frac{{\alpha  - \beta }}{2}\\ = \frac{1}{2}\left[ {\sin \left( {\frac{{\alpha  + \beta }}{2} + \frac{{\alpha  - \beta }}{2}} \right) + \sin \left( {\frac{{\alpha  + \beta }}{2} - \frac{{\alpha  - \beta }}{2}} \right)} \right]\\ = \frac{1}{2}\left( {\sin \alpha  + \sin \beta } \right)\end{array}\)

\(cos\dfrac{7\pi}{12}+cos\dfrac{\pi}{12}\\ =2.cos\dfrac{\dfrac{7\pi}{12}+\dfrac{\pi}{12}}{2}\\ =2.cos\dfrac{\pi}{3}.cos\dfrac{\pi}{4}\\ =2.\dfrac{1}{2}.\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\\ =\dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\)

Ta có: \(OA = OB = 120:2 = 60\)

Xét tam giác OBB’ có:

\(\sin \widehat {BOB'} = \frac{{BB'}}{{OB}} = \frac{{27}}{{60}} = \frac{9}{{20}}\)

\(\widehat {AOC} = 2\widehat {BOB'}\)

(Vì số đo cung AC gấp 2 lần số đo cung AB)

Xét tam giác OCC’ vuông tại C’ có:

\(\begin{array}{l}\sin \widehat {COC'} = \frac{{CC'}}{{OC}}\\ \Leftrightarrow CC' = OC.\sin \widehat {COC'} = OC.\sin \left( {2\widehat {BOB'}} \right)\end{array}\)

Mà \(\sin \left( {2\widehat {BOB'}} \right) = 2.\sin \widehat {BOB'}.cos\widehat {BOB'}\)

\( = 2.\frac{9}{{20}}.\frac{{\sqrt {319} }}{{20}} = \frac{{9\sqrt {319} }}{{400}}\)

Vậy khoảng cách từ C đến AH là \(60.\frac{{9\sqrt {319} }}{{200}} \approx 48,2cm\).