\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{a}+\dfrac{a+b+c}{b}+\dfrac{a+b+c}{c}=3+\left(\dfrac{b}{a}+\dfrac{a}{b}\right)+\left(\dfrac{c}{a}+\dfrac{a}{c}\right)+\left(\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)\)Ta có: \(\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{a}\ge2;\dfrac{c}{a}+\dfrac{a}{c}\ge2;\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{b}\ge2\)
\(\Leftrightarrow\)\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\ge3+2+2+2=9\)
Gọi \(A=\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\) Ta có:
\(A=\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=\dfrac{a+b+c}{a}+\dfrac{a+b+c}{b}+\dfrac{a+b+c}{c}\)\(=\left(\dfrac{a}{a}+\dfrac{b}{a}+\dfrac{c}{a}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{b}+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{c}+\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{c}\right)\)
\(=\left(1+\dfrac{b}{a}+\dfrac{c}{a}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{b}+1+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)+\left(\dfrac{a}{c}+\dfrac{b}{c}+1\right)\)
\(=3+\left(\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{b}{a}\right)+\left(\dfrac{b}{c}+\dfrac{c}{b}\right)+\left(\dfrac{c}{a}+\dfrac{a}{c}\right)\)
\(=3+\left(\dfrac{a^2}{ab}+\dfrac{b^2}{ab}\right)+\left(\dfrac{b^2}{bc}+\dfrac{c^2}{bc}\right)+\left(\dfrac{c^2}{ac}+\dfrac{a^2}{ac}\right)\)
\(=3+\dfrac{a^2+b^2}{ab}+\dfrac{b^2+c^2}{bc}+\dfrac{c^2+a^2}{ac}\)
\(=3+\dfrac{a^2-2ab+b^2+2ab}{ab}+\dfrac{b^2-2bc+c^2+2bc}{bc}+\dfrac{c^2-2ac+a^2+2ac}{ac}\)
\(=3+\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)^2+2ab}{ab}+\dfrac{\left(b-c\right)^2+2bc}{bc}+\dfrac{\left(c-a\right)^2+2ac}{ac}\)
\(=3+\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{ab}+2+\dfrac{\left(b-c\right)^2}{bc}+2+\dfrac{\left(c-a\right)^2}{ac}+2\)
\(=9+\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{ab}+\dfrac{\left(b-c\right)^2}{bc}+\dfrac{\left(c-a\right)^2}{ac}\)
Ta thấy: \(\dfrac{\left(a-b\right)^2}{ab}\ge0\) với \(\forall\) a, b
\(\dfrac{\left(b-c\right)^2}{bc}\ge0\) với \(\forall\) b, c
\(\dfrac{\left(c-a\right)^2}{ac}\ge\) 0 với \(\forall\) a, c
=> \(A\ge9\).
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Ta có \(a+b+c=1\)
Suy ra:
\(1+\dfrac{b}{a}+\dfrac{c}{a}=\dfrac{1}{a}\\ \dfrac{a}{b}+1+\dfrac{c}{b}=\dfrac{1}{b}\\ \dfrac{a}{c}+\dfrac{b}{c}+1=\dfrac{1}{c}\)
Cộng vế với vế các phương trình trên ta được:
\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}=3+\dfrac{b}{a}+\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{c}{a}+\dfrac{a}{c}+\dfrac{c}{b}+\dfrac{b}{c}\)
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cô-si cho 3 số a, b, c dương:
\(\dfrac{b}{a}+\dfrac{a}{b}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{b}{a}\cdot\dfrac{a}{b}}=2\\ \dfrac{c}{a}+\dfrac{a}{c}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{c}{a}\cdot\dfrac{a}{c}}=2\\ \dfrac{c}{b}+\dfrac{b}{c}\ge2\sqrt{\dfrac{c}{b}\cdot\dfrac{b}{c}}=2\)
Từ đó ta suy ra:
\(3+\dfrac{b}{a}+\dfrac{a}{b}+\dfrac{c}{a}+\dfrac{a}{c}+\dfrac{c}{b}+\dfrac{b}{c}\ge3+2\sqrt{\dfrac{b}{a}\cdot\dfrac{a}{b}}+2\sqrt{\dfrac{c}{a}\cdot\dfrac{a}{c}}+2\sqrt{\dfrac{c}{b}\cdot\dfrac{b}{c}}=3+2+2+2=9\)
Hay \(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\ge9\Rightarrow\)đpcm
Áp dụng bất đẳng thức Cauchy - Schwarz dưới dạng Engel ta có :
\(\dfrac{1}{a}+\dfrac{1}{b}+\dfrac{1}{c}\ge\dfrac{\left(1+1+1\right)^2}{a+b+c}=\dfrac{3^2}{1}=9\) (đpcm)
Dấu "=" xảy ra \(a=b=c=\dfrac{1}{3}\)