Bài 4. Thứ tự thực hiện các phép tính. Quy tắc dấu ngoặc

a) \(0,2 + 2,5:\frac{7}{2} = \frac{2}{{10}} + \frac{25}{10}:\frac{7}{2} = \frac{1}{5} + \frac{25}{10}.\frac{2}{7} \\= \frac{1}{5} + \frac{5}{7} = \frac{7}{{35}} + \frac{{25}}{{35}} = \frac{{32}}{{35}}\)

b)

\(\begin{array}{l}9.{\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{3}} \right)^2} - {\left( { - 0,1} \right)^3}:\frac{2}{{15}}\\ = 9.\frac{1}{9} - {\left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{{10}}} \right)^3}:\frac{2}{{15}}\\ = 1 - \frac{{ - 1}}{{1000}}:\frac{2}{{15}}\\ = 1 - \frac{{ - 1}}{{1000}}.\frac{{15}}{2}\\ = 1 + \frac{3}{{400}}\\=\frac{400}{400}+\frac{3}{400}\\ = \frac{{403}}{{400}}\end{array}\)

a)

 \(\begin{array}{l}\left( {0,25 - \frac{5}{6}} \right).1,6 + \frac{{ - 1}}{3}\\ =(\frac{25}{100}-\frac{5}{6}).\frac{16}{10}+\frac{-1}{3}\\= \left( {\frac{1}{4} - \frac{5}{6}} \right).\frac{8}{5} + \frac{{ - 1}}{3}\\ = \left( {\frac{6}{{24}} - \frac{{20}}{{24}}} \right).\frac{8}{5} + \frac{{ - 1}}{3}\\ = \frac{{ - 14}}{{24}}.\frac{8}{5} + \frac{{ - 1}}{3}\\ = \frac{{ - 14}}{{15}} + \frac{{ - 1}}{3}\\ = \frac{{ - 14}}{{15}} + \frac{{ - 5}}{{15}}\\ = \frac{{ - 19}}{{15}}\end{array}\)

b)

\(\begin{array}{l}3 - 2.\left[ {0,5 + \left( {0,25 - \frac{1}{6}} \right)} \right]\\ = 3 - 2.\left[ {\frac{1}{2} + \left( {\frac{1}{4} - \frac{1}{6}} \right)} \right]\\ = 3 - 2.\left( {\frac{1}{2} + \frac{1}{{12}}} \right)\\ =3-2.(\frac{6}{12}+\frac{1}{12})\\= 3 - 2.\frac{7}{{12}}\\ = 3 - \frac{7}{6}\\=\frac{18}{6}-\frac{7}{6}\\ = \frac{{11}}{6}\end{array}\)

a)

\(\begin{array}{l}1,8 - \left( {\frac{3}{7} - 0,2} \right)\\ = 1,8 - \frac{3}{7} + 0,2\\ = \left( {1,8 + 0,2} \right) - \frac{3}{7}\\ = 2 - \frac{3}{7} =\frac{{14}}{7}-\frac{{3}}{7}= \frac{{11}}{7}\end{array}\)

b)

\(\begin{array}{l}12,5 - \frac{{16}}{{13}} + \frac{3}{{13}}\\ = 12,5 - \frac{{16}}{{13}} + \frac{3}{{13}}\\ = 12,5 + \left( { - \frac{{16}}{{13}} + \frac{3}{{13}}} \right)\\ = 12,5 + \left( { - 1} \right) = 11,5\end{array}\)

a)

 \(\begin{array}{l}\left( { - \frac{5}{6}} \right) - \left( { - 1,8} \right) + \left( { - \frac{1}{6}} \right) - 0,8\\ = \left( { - \frac{5}{6}} \right) + 1,8 + \left( { - \frac{1}{6}} \right) - 0,8\\ = \left[ {\left( { - \frac{5}{6}} \right) + \left( { - \frac{1}{6}} \right)} \right] + \left[ {1,8 - 0,8} \right]\\ =\frac{-6}{6}+1=  - 1 + 1 = 0\end{array}\)

b)

 \(\begin{array}{l}\left( { - \frac{9}{7}} \right) + \left( { - 1,23} \right) - \left( { - \frac{2}{7}} \right) - 0,77\\ = \left[ {\left( { - \frac{9}{7}} \right) - \left( { - \frac{2}{7}} \right)} \right] + \left[ {\left( { - 1,23} \right) - 0,77} \right]\\ =\frac{-7}{7}+(-2)=  - 1 + \left( { - 2} \right) =  - 3\end{array}\)

a)

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{1}{9} - 0,3.\frac{5}{9} + \frac{1}{3}\\ = \frac{1}{9} - \frac{3}{{10}}.\frac{5}{9} + \frac{1}{3}\\ = \frac{1}{9} - \frac{3}{{2.5}}.\frac{5}{{3.3}} + \frac{1}{3}\\ = \frac{1}{9} - \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{3}\\ = \frac{2}{{18}} - \frac{3}{{18}} + \frac{6}{{18}}\\ = \frac{5}{{18}}\end{array}\)

b)

\(\begin{array}{l}{\left( {\frac{{ - 2}}{3}} \right)^2} + \frac{1}{6} - {\left( { - 0,5} \right)^3}\\ = \frac{4}{9} + \frac{1}{6} - \left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{2}} \right)^3\\  = \frac{4}{9} + \frac{1}{6} - \left( {\frac{{ - 1}}{8}} \right)\\ = \frac{4}{9} + \frac{1}{6} + \frac{1}{8}\\ = \frac{{32}}{{72}} + \frac{{12}}{{72}} + \frac{9}{{72}}\\ = \frac{{53}}{{72}}\end{array}\)

a)

 \(\frac{{28}}{9} \cdot 0,7 + \frac{{28}}{9} \cdot 0,5 = \frac{{28}}{9}.\left( {0,7 + 0,5} \right)\)

b)

\(\begin{array}{l}\frac{{36}}{{13}}:4 + \frac{{36}}{{13}}:9\\ = \frac{{36}}{{13}}.\frac{1}{4} + \frac{{36}}{{13}}.\frac{1}{9}\\ = \frac{{36}}{{13}}.\left( {\frac{1}{4} + \frac{1}{9}} \right)\\ = \frac{{36}}{{13}}.\frac{{13}}{{36}} = 1\end{array}\)

 \(\begin{array}{l}\frac{{36}}{{13}}:(4 + 9)\\ = \frac{{36}}{{13}}:13\\ = \frac{{36}}{{13}}.\frac{1}{{13}}\\ = \frac{{36}}{{169}}\end{array}\)

Suy ra \(\frac{{36}}{{13}}:4 + \frac{{36}}{{13}}:9\) \( \ne \) \(\frac{{36}}{{13}}:(4 + 9)\).

a)

 \(\begin{array}{l}\frac{4}{{15}} - \left( {2,9 - \frac{{11}}{{15}}} \right)\\ = \frac{4}{{15}} - 2,9 + \frac{{11}}{{15}}\\ = \left( {\frac{4}{{15}} + \frac{{11}}{{15}}} \right) - 2,9\\=\frac{15}{15}-2,9 \\= 1 - 2,9 =  - 1,9\end{array}\)

b)

\(\begin{array}{l}( - 36,75) + \left( {\frac{{37}}{{10}} - 63,25} \right) - ( - 6,3)\\ = ( - 36,75) + 3,7 - 63,25 + 6,3\\ = \left( { - 36,75 - 63,25} \right) + \left( {3,7 + 6,3} \right)\\ =  - 100 + 10 =  - 90\end{array}\)

c)

\(\begin{array}{l}6,5 + \left( { - \frac{{10}}{{17}}} \right) - \left( { - \frac{7}{2}} \right) - \frac{7}{{17}}\\ = \frac{{65}}{{10}} - \frac{{10}}{{17}} + \frac{7}{2} - \frac{7}{{17}}\\ = \left( {\frac{{65}}{{10}} + \frac{7}{2}} \right) - \left( {\frac{{10}}{{17}} + \frac{7}{{17}}} \right)\\ = \left( {\frac{{65}}{{10}} + \frac{{35}}{{10}}} \right) - \frac{17}{17}\\ = \frac{100}{10}-1\\=10 - 1 = 9\end{array}\)

d)

\(\begin{array}{l}( - 39,1) \cdot \frac{{13}}{{25}} - 60,9 \cdot \frac{{13}}{{25}}\\ = \frac{{13}}{{25}}.\left( { - 39,1 - 60,9} \right)\\ = \frac{{13}}{{25}}.\left( { - 100} \right)\\ =  - 52\end{array}\).

Chu vi mảnh vườn hình chữ nhật là:

\(\left( {5,5 + 3,75} \right).2 = 18,5\) (m)

Số khóm hoa cần trồng là:

\(18,5:\frac{1}{4} = 74\) (khóm)

Từ miếng bìa, ta tạo lập được hình hộp chữ nhật có chiều dài là 1,5 dm, chiều rộng 0,25 dm, chiều cao 1,5 dm.

a) Diện tích miếng bìa là:

\( 2.(0,25+1,5).1,5 + 2.0,25.1,5 = 2.1,75.1,5 + 2.0,25.1,5 =5,25+0,75= 6\)(dm²)

b) Thể tích hình hộp chữ nhật là:

\(1,5.0,25.1,5 = 0,5625\)(dm³)