§2. Tích vô hướng của hai vectơ

a) Có
\(\overrightarrow{BC}^2=\left(\overrightarrow{BA}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)^2=\overrightarrow{BA}^2+\overrightarrow{AC}^2+2\overrightarrow{BA}.\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(=\overrightarrow{BA}^2+\overrightarrow{AC}^2-2\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(\Rightarrow\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=\dfrac{\overrightarrow{BA}^2+\overrightarrow{AC}^2-\overrightarrow{BC^2}}{2}=\dfrac{5^2+8^2-7^2}{2}=20\).
\(cos\widehat{BAC}=\dfrac{\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}}{\left|\overrightarrow{AB}\right|.\left|\overrightarrow{AC}\right|}=\dfrac{20}{5.8}=\dfrac{1}{2}\).
Vì vậy \(\widehat{BAC}=60^o\).
b) Tương tự:
\(\overrightarrow{CA}.\overrightarrow{CB}=\dfrac{CA^2+CB^2-AB^2}{2}=\dfrac{7^2+8^2-5^2}{2}=44\).

a) Có \(\overrightarrow{BC}^2=\left(\overrightarrow{AC}-\overrightarrow{AB}\right)^2=\overrightarrow{AC}^2+\overrightarrow{AB}^2-2\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{AB}\)
Suy ra: \(\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{AB}=\dfrac{\overrightarrow{AC^2}+\overrightarrow{AB}^2-\overrightarrow{BC}^2}{2}=\dfrac{8^2+6^2-11^2}{2}=-\dfrac{21}{2}\).
Do \(\overrightarrow{AC}.\overrightarrow{AB}< 0\) nên \(cos\widehat{BAC}< 0\) suy ra góc A là góc tù.
b) Từ câu a suy ra: \(cos\widehat{BAC}=\dfrac{\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}}{\left|\overrightarrow{AB}\right|.\left|\overrightarrow{AC}\right|}=-\dfrac{21}{2.6.8}=-\dfrac{7}{32}\).
Do N là trung điểm của AC nên \(AN=AC:2=8:2=4cm\).
\(\overrightarrow{AM}.\overrightarrow{AN}=AM.AN.cos\left(\overrightarrow{AM},\overrightarrow{AN}\right)\)
\(=2.4.cos\left(\overrightarrow{AB},\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=2.4.\dfrac{-7}{32}=-\dfrac{7}{4}\).

Tam giác ABC cân tại A, H là trung điểm của BC nên \(AH\perp BC\).
Có \(\overrightarrow{AM}.\overrightarrow{BD}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AH}+\overrightarrow{AD}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{BH}+\overrightarrow{HD}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AH}.\overrightarrow{BH}+\overrightarrow{AH}.\overrightarrow{HD}+\overrightarrow{AD}.\overrightarrow{BH}+\overrightarrow{AD}.\overrightarrow{HD}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AH}.\overrightarrow{HD}+\overrightarrow{AD}.\overrightarrow{BH}\right)\) (do \(AH\perp BC\) )
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AH}.\left(\overrightarrow{BH}+\overrightarrow{HD}\right)+\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AH}+\overrightarrow{HD}\right).\overrightarrow{BH}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AH}.\overrightarrow{BH}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AH}.\overrightarrow{HD}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AH}.\overrightarrow{BH}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{HD}.\overrightarrow{BH}\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{AH}.\overrightarrow{HD}+\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{HD}.\overrightarrow{BH}\) ( do \(AH\perp BC\) )
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{HD}\left(\overrightarrow{AH}+\overrightarrow{BH}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{HD}\left(\overrightarrow{AH}+\overrightarrow{HC}\right)\) ( doM là trung điểm của BC).
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\overrightarrow{HD}.\overrightarrow{AC}\)
\(=0\) (Do \(HD\perp AC\) )

\(\left|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2=\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)
\(=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|^2+\left|\overrightarrow{b}\right|^2+2\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}\)
\(=5^2+12^2+2.5.12.cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)
\(=169+120cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{b}\right)=13^2\)
Suy ra: \(cos\left(\overrightarrow{a};\overrightarrow{b}\right)=0\).
\(\overrightarrow{a}\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)=\left(\overrightarrow{a}\right)^2+\overrightarrow{a}.\overrightarrow{b}=5^2+5.12.0=25\).
Mặt khác \(\overrightarrow{a}\left(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)=\left|\overrightarrow{a}\right|.\left|\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right|.cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\)
\(=5.13.cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\).
Vì vậy \(25=5.13.cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)\).
\(cos\left(\overrightarrow{a},\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\right)=\dfrac{5}{13}\).
Vậy góc giữa hai véc tơ \(\overrightarrow{a}\) và \(\overrightarrow{a}+\overrightarrow{b}\) là \(\alpha\) sao cho \(cos\alpha=\dfrac{5}{13}\).

Có \(\overrightarrow{MH}=-\overrightarrow{HM}=\dfrac{-1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{HB}+\overrightarrow{HC}\right)\);
\(\overrightarrow{MA}=-\overrightarrow{AM}=\dfrac{-1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\).
Vì vậy:
\(\overrightarrow{MH}.\overrightarrow{MA}=\dfrac{-1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{HB}+\overrightarrow{HC}\right).\dfrac{-1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\overrightarrow{HB}.\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{HB}.\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{HC}.\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{HC}.\overrightarrow{AC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\overrightarrow{CH}.\overrightarrow{AC}+\overrightarrow{BH}.\overrightarrow{AB}\right)\) (Do H là trực tâm tam giác ABC).
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left[\overrightarrow{CH}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right)+\overrightarrow{BH}\left(\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\right]\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\overrightarrow{CH}.\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{CH}.\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{BH}.\overrightarrow{AB}+\overrightarrow{BH}.\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\left(\overrightarrow{CH}.\overrightarrow{BC}+\overrightarrow{BH}.\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\) ( do H là trực tâm tam giác ABC).
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{BC}\left(\overrightarrow{BH}+\overrightarrow{HC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{4}\overrightarrow{BC}.\overrightarrow{BC}=\dfrac{1}{4}BC^2\).

a) \(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=AB.AC.cos\left(\overrightarrow{AB},\overrightarrow{AC}\right)=a.a.cos60^o=a.a.\dfrac{1}{2}\)\(=\dfrac{a^2}{2}\).
\(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{BC}=-\overrightarrow{BA}.\overrightarrow{BC}==-a.a.cos\left(\overrightarrow{BA},\overrightarrow{BC}\right)\)\(=-a.a.cos60^o=-\dfrac{a^2}{2}\).

a) \(\overrightarrow{MP}.\overrightarrow{BC}=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{MA}+\overrightarrow{MD}\right).\left(\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{MC}+\overrightarrow{MD}.\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MD}.\overrightarrow{MC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{MC}-\overrightarrow{MB}.\overrightarrow{MD}+\overrightarrow{MD}.\overrightarrow{MC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{BM}+\overrightarrow{MD}.\overrightarrow{MC}\right)\)
\(=\dfrac{1}{2}\left(0+0\right)=0\) (vì \(AC\perp BD\) nên \(\overrightarrow{MA}.\overrightarrow{BM}=0;\overrightarrow{MD}.\overrightarrow{MC}=0\)).
Vậy \(\overrightarrow{MP}.\overrightarrow{BC}=0\) nên \(MP\perp BC\).

a)Gọi \(D\left(x;y\right)\) là tọa độ điểm cần tìm.
\(\overrightarrow{AD}\left(x-2;y-4\right)\); \(\overrightarrow{BC}\left(2;-4\right)\).
Tứ giác ABCD là hình bình hành khi và chỉ khi:
\(\overrightarrow{AD}=\overrightarrow{BC}\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x-2=2\\y-4=-4\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Leftrightarrow\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=4\\y=0\end{matrix}\right.\)\(\Rightarrow D\left(4;0\right)\).
b) Gọi\(A'\left(x;y\right)\) là điểm cần tìm. A' thỏa mãn hai điều sau:
- \(AA'\perp BC\). (1)
- A' , B, C thẳng hàng. (2)
\(\overrightarrow{AA'}\left(x-2;y-4\right)\); \(\overrightarrow{BC}\left(2;-4\right)\).
\(\left(1\right)\Leftrightarrow\overrightarrow{AA'}.\overrightarrow{BC}=\overrightarrow{0}\)\(\Leftrightarrow2\left(x-2\right)-4\left(y-4\right)=0\) (3)
(2) suy ra hai véc tơ \(\overrightarrow{A'B}\) và \(\overrightarrow{BC}\) cùng phương.
Có \(\overrightarrow{A'B}\left(1-x;3-y\right)\).
Nên \(\dfrac{1-x}{2}=\dfrac{3-y}{4}\) (4)
Từ (3) và (4) suy ra: \(\left\{{}\begin{matrix}x=1\\y=3\end{matrix}\right.\).
Vậy A'(1;3).

\(\overrightarrow{AB}\left(2;2\right);\overrightarrow{AC}\left(2;-2\right)\)
\(\overrightarrow{AB}.\overrightarrow{AC}=2.2+2.\left(-2\right)=0\) nên \(AB\perp AC\). (1)
\(AB=\sqrt{2^2+2^2}=2\sqrt{2}\).
\(AC=\sqrt{2^2+\left(-2\right)^2}=2\sqrt{2}\)
Vì vậy AB = AC. (2)
Từ (1) và (2) suy ra tam giác ABC vuông cân tại A.

Muốn chứng minh tứ giác ABCD là hình thang cân ta cần chứng minh hai điều:
- AB//CD.
- AD = BC.
\(\overrightarrow{AB}\left(1;1\right);\overrightarrow{DC}\left(-3;-3\right)\)
Dễ thấy \(\overrightarrow{DC}=-3\overrightarrow{AB}\) nên hai véc tơ \(\overrightarrow{DC}\) và \(\overrightarrow{AB}\) cùng phương.
Suy ra DC//AB. (1)
\(AD=\sqrt{\left(0-1\right)^2+\left(-2-1\right)^2}=\sqrt{10}\).
\(BC=\sqrt{\left(3-0\right)^2+\left(1-2\right)^2}=\sqrt{10}\).
Vậy AD = BC. (2)
Từ (1) và (2) suy ra tứ giác ABCD là hình thang cân.