Ta có : \(k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)=\frac{1}{4}k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right).4\)
\(=\frac{1}{4}k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\left[\left(k+3\right)-\left(k-1\right)\right]\)
\(=\frac{1}{4}k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\left(k+3\right)-\frac{1}{4}k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\left(k-1\right)\)
=> 4S = 1.2.3.4-0.1.2.3+2.3.4.5-1.2.3.4+...+k(k+1)(k+2)(k+3)-k(k+1)(k+2)(k-1)
\(=k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\left(k+3\right)\)
=> \(4S+1=k\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\left(k+3\right)+1\)
\(=\left[k\left(k+3\right)\right]\left[\left(k+1\right)\left(k+2\right)\right]+1\)
\(=\left[\left(k^2+3k\right)\left(k^2+k+2k+2\right)\right]+1\)
Đặt \(t=k^2+3k\)
\(=>4S+1=t\left(t+2\right)+1\)
= \(t^2+2t+1\)
\(=\left(t+1\right)^2\)
\(=>4S+1=\left(k^2=3k\right)^2=>4S+1\) là số chính phương