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REPORTED SPEECH(Câu tường thuật)

Câu tường thuật (câu gián tiếp) là câu dùng để thuật lại nội dung của lời nói trực tiếp

a. Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì hiện tại thì khi đổi sang câu gián tiếp ta chỉ đổi ngôi; không đổi thì của động từ và trạng từ.

Ex: She says: “I am a singer.”

She says that she is a singer.

Ex: “I am writing a letter now” Mia says.

Mia says that he is writing a letter now. b. Nếu động từ của mệnh đề tường thuật dùng ở thì quá khứ thì khi chuyển sang câu gián tiếp ta đổi ngôi, thì của động từ, trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn. I. Thay đổi ngôi (Đại từ nhân xưng, Đại từ sở hữu và Tính từ sở hữu)

1. Ngôi thứ nhất: dựa vào chủ từ của mệnh đề tường thuật; thường đổi sang ngôi thứ ba

I → He / She me → him / her my → his / her

We → They us → them our → their

Ex: She said: “I learned Korean.”

→ She said that she had learnt Korean.

Ex: He said to me, “My mother gives me a present.”

→ He told me that his mother gave him a present.

2. Ngôi thứ hai: (You, your)

- Xét ý nghĩa của câu và đổi cho phù hợp, thường đổi dựa vào túc từ của mệnh đề tường thuật

Ex: Mai said: “You are late again.”

→ Mai said that you were late again.

Ex: “I will meet you at the airport”, she said to me.

→ She told me that she would meet me at the airport.

3. Ngôi thứ ba (He / She / Him / Her / His / They / Them / Their): giữ nguyên, không đổi

II. Thay đổi về thì trong câu:

DIRECT

INDIRECT

Simple present

V1 /Vs(es)

Present progressive

am / is / are + V-ing

Present perfect

have / has + P.P

Present perfect progressive

have / has been +V-ing

Simple past

V2 / -ed

Past progressive

was / were + V-ing

Simple future

will + V1

Future progressive

will be + V-ing

Simple past

V2 / V-ed

Past progressive

was / were + V-ing

Past perfect

had + P.P

Past perfect progressive

had been + V-ing

Past perfect

had + P.P

Past perfect progressive

had been + V-ing

Future in the past

would + V1

Future progressive in the past

would be + V-ing

III. Thay đổi các trạng từ chỉ thời gian và nơi chốn:

DIRECT

INDIRECT

Now

Here

This

These

Today

Yesterday

Last year

Tonight

Tomorrow

Next month

Ago

Then

There

That

Those

That day

The day before / the previous day

The year before / the previous year

That night

The following day / the next day

The following month / the next month

Before

CÁC THAY ĐỔI CỤ THỂ CHO TỪNG LOẠI CÂU TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP

1. COMMANDS / REQUESTS (Câu mệnh lệnh, câu đề nghị)

- Mệnh lệnh khẳng định:

Direct: S + V + O: “V1 + O …”

Indirect: S + asked / told + O + to-inf + ….

Ex: He said to her: “Keep silent, please.”

→ He told her to keep silent.

“Wash your hands before having dinner, Lan.” the mother said.

→ The mother told Lan to wash her hands before having dinner.

- Mệnh lệnh phủ định:

Direct: S + V + O: “Don’t + V1 + …”

Indirect: S + asked / told + O + not + to-inf ….

Ex: “Don’t forget to phone me this afternoon,” she said.

→ She reminded me to phone her that afternoon.

The teacher said to the students: “Don’t talk in the class.”

→ The teacher told the students not to talk in the class.

* Chú ý :Tùy theo ngữ cảnh trong lời nói động từ tường thuật said hoặc said to có thể đổi thành told, asked, advised, persuaded, directed, begged, encouraged, remind

Ex: The doctor said to his patient: “Do exercise regularly.”

→ The doctor advised his patient to do exercise regularly.

2. STATEMENT (Câu trần thuật)

Direct: S + V + (O) : “clause”

Indirect: S + told / said + (O) + (that) + clause

Note: said to → told

Ex: Tom said, “I want to visit my friend this weekend.”

→ Tom said (that) he wanted to visit his friend that weekend.

She said to me, “I am going to Dalat next summer.”

→ She told me (that) she was goingto Dalat the following summer.

3. QUESTIONS (Câu hỏi)

a. Yes – No question

Direct: S + V + (O) : “Aux. V + S + V1 + ….?”

Indirect: S + asked + O + if / whether + S + V + ….

Ex: He asked: “Have you ever been to Japan, Mary?”

→ He asked Mary if / whether she had ever been to Japan.

“Did you go out last night, Tan?” I asked

→ I asked Tan if / whether he had gone out the night before.

b. Wh – question Direct: S + V + (O): “Wh- + Aux. V + S + V1 + …?” Indirect: S + asked + O + Wh- + S + V + ….

Ex: “How long are you waiting for the bus?” he asked me.

→ He asked me how long I was waiting for the bus.

4. DANH ĐỘNG TỪ (V-ING) TRONG LỜI NÓI GIÁN TIẾP

Khi lời nói trực tiếp là lời đề nghị , chúc mừng, cảm ơn, xin lỗi, …động từ tường thuật cùng với danh động từ (V-ing) theo sau nó thường được dùng để chuyển tải nội dung lời nói trên.

Note: Lời đề nghị:
Would you / Could you / Will you / Can you
→ asked + someone + to-inf
Would you mind / Do you mind + V-ing → asked + someone + to-inf

Ex: “Can you read the instructions again?” she said.

→ She asked me to read the instructions again.

He said: “Would you mind opening the door, please?”

→ He asked me to open the door.

Read the following passage and mark the letter A, B, C, or D on your answer sheet to indicate the correct answer to each of the questions.

Body postures and movements are frequently indicators of self-confidence, energy, fatigue, or status. Cognitively, gestures operate to clarify, contradict, or replace verbal messages. Gestures also serve an important function with regard to regulating the flow of conversation. For example, if a student is talking about something in front of the class, single nods of the head from the teacher will likely cause that student to continue and perhaps more elaborate. Postures as well as gestures are used to indicate attitudes, status, affective moods, approval, deception, warmth, arid other variables related to conversation interaction.

The saying “A picture is worth a thousand words” well describes the meaning of facial expressions. Facial appearance – including wrinkles, muscle tone, skin coloration, and eye color-offers enduring cues that reveal information about age, sex, race, ethnic origin, and status.

A less permanent second set of facial cues-including length of hair, hairstyle, cleanliness, and facial hair-relate to an individual’s idea of beauty. A third group of facial markers are momentary expressions that signal that cause changes in the forehead, eyebrows, eyelids, cheeks, nose, lips, and chin, such as raising the eyebrows, wrinkling the brow, curling the lip.

Some facial expressions are readily visible, while others are fleeting. Both types can positively or negatively reinforce the spoken words and convey cues concerning emotions and attitudes.

A nod of the head from the teacher will likely ask his student to __________ what he is saying

A. go on

B. give up

C. put off

D. throwaway