Read the passage carefully and choose the correct answer.
Spoken language is based on a face-to-face encounter. One person directly addresses another or others.
Within the face-to-face encounter of speech, communication is' not limited to Words. Speakers use a wide variety of extra-verbal devices, from emphasis and dramatic pauses to changes in tone or tempo. Speakers also use a broad range of nonverbal clues. They "talk" with their eyes and their bodies. They use hand gestures and facial expressions to convey ideas. And speakers respond to similar cues from their listeners - the nods and grunts that say, in effect, "I hear you," or the quizzical looks that say, "I don't understan"
As we learn a language, we also learn the non-verbal conventions of that language- the meaning of a shrug, a pout, or a smile. Speech thus often includes not only a face-to-face meeting, but also a meeting of the minds. "Conversation," Steven Pinker notes, "requires cooperation."
Listeners assume that speakers are conveying information relevant to what they already know and what they want to know. They have to not only listen to words but also observe verbal devices and body gestures in order to understand the meanings of vague and ambiguous words and to fill in the unsaid logical steps.
Speaker and listener are aware of each other's knowledge, interests, and biases. They can interpret remarks within the common social setting in which they find themselves. This mutual understanding is frequently absent with written communication. While in written communication, information an author would like to assume the reader knows must be included with a text. Writers must make their biases explicit to assure full understanding by the critical reader, and readers, unable to read body language, must read the text carefully to find out attitudes or biases underlying it.
In a conversation, only listening to the speaker's voice is enough for the listener to understand thoroughly even the meanings of vague and ambiguous words
- True
- False
- No information