Bài 2. Các phép biến đổi lượng giác

a)     \(PQ = n.\cos a,PQ = m.\cos b\)

b)     \(MQ = n.\sin a,PN = m.\sin b \Rightarrow MN = n.\sin a + m.\sin b\)

\(\begin{array}{l}{S_{MPQ}} = \frac{1}{2}m.\cos b.n.\sin a = \frac{1}{2}m.n.\cos b.\sin a\\{S_{NPQ}} = \frac{1}{2}n.\cos a.m.\sin b = \frac{1}{2}m.n.\cos a.\sin b\\{S_{MNP}} = \frac{1}{2}m.n.\sin \left( {a + b} \right)\end{array}\)

c)     \({S_{MNP}} = {S_{MPQ}} + {S_{NPQ}} \Rightarrow \frac{1}{2}m.n.\cos b.\sin a + \frac{1}{2}m.n.\cos a.\sin b = \frac{1}{2}m.n.\sin \left( {a + b} \right)\)

\( \Rightarrow \sin \left( {a + b} \right) = \sin a.\cos b + \cos a.\sin b\)

d)     \(\sin \left( {a - b} \right) = \sin \left[ {a + \left( { - b} \right)} \right] = \sin a.\cos \left( { - b} \right) + \cos a.\sin \left( { - b} \right) = \sin a.\cos b - \cos a.\sin b\)

Áp dụng công thức cộng, ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l}\sin \frac{\pi }{{12}} = \sin \left( {\frac{\pi }{4} - \frac{\pi }{6}} \right) = \sin \frac{\pi }{4}.\cos \frac{\pi }{6} - \cos \frac{\pi }{4}.\sin \frac{\pi }{6}\\ = \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2}.\frac{{\sqrt 3 }}{2} - \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2}.\frac{1}{2} = \frac{{\sqrt 6  - \sqrt 2 }}{4}\end{array}\)

a)     \(\cos \left( {a + b} \right) = \sin \left[ {\left( {\frac{\pi }{2} - a} \right) - b} \right] = \sin \left( {\frac{\pi }{2} - a} \right).\cos b - \cos \left( {\frac{\pi }{2} - a} \right).\sin b = \cos a.\cos b - \sin a.\sin b\)

b)     \(\cos \left( {a - b} \right) = \cos \left[ {a + \left( { - b} \right)} \right] = \cos a.\cos \left( { - b} \right) - \sin a.\sin \left( { - b} \right) = \sin a.\sin b + \cos a.\cos b\)

Áp dụng công thức cộng, ta có:

\(\begin{array}{l}\cos {15^ \circ } = \cos ({45^ \circ } - {30^ \circ }) = \cos {45^ \circ }\cos {30^ \circ } + \sin {45^ \circ }\sin {30^ \circ }\\ = \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2}.\frac{{\sqrt 3 }}{2} + \frac{{\sqrt 2 }}{2}.\frac{1}{2} = \frac{{\sqrt 6  + \sqrt 2 }}{4}\end{array}\)

a)     \(\tan \left( {a + b} \right) = \frac{{\sin \left( {a + b} \right)}}{{\cos \left( {a + b} \right)}} = \frac{{\sin a.\cos b + \cos a.\sin b}}{{\cos a.\cos b - \sin a.\sin b}}\)

\(\begin{array}{l} = \frac{{\sin a.\cos b + \cos a.\cos b}}{{\cos a.\cos b - \sin a.\sin b}} = \frac{{\sin a.\cos b}}{{\cos a.\cos b - \sin a.\sin b}} + \frac{{\cos a.\sin b}}{{\cos a.\cos b - \sin a.\sin b}}\\ = \frac{{\frac{{\sin a.\cos b}}{{\cos a.\cos b}}}}{{\frac{{\cos a.\cos b - \sin a.\sin b}}{{\cos a.\cos b}}}} + \frac{{\frac{{\cos a.\sin b}}{{\cos a.\cos b}}}}{{\frac{{\cos a.\cos b - \sin a.\sin b}}{{\cos a.\cos b}}}} = \frac{{\tan a}}{{1 - \tan a.\tan b}} + \frac{{\tan b}}{{1 - \tan a.\tan b}}\\ = \frac{{\tan a + \tan b}}{{1 - \tan a.\tan b}}\end{array}\)

\( \Rightarrow \tan \left( {a + b} \right) = \frac{{\tan a + \tan b}}{{1 - \tan a.\tan b}}\)

b)      

\(\tan \left( {a - b} \right) = \tan \left( {a + \left( { - b} \right)} \right) = \frac{{\tan a + \tan \left( { - b} \right)}}{{1 - \tan a.\tan \left( { - b} \right)}} = \frac{{\tan a - \tan b}}{{1 + \tan a.\tan b}}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}\tan {165^ \circ } = \tan ({105^ \circ } + {60^ \circ }) = \frac{{\tan {{105}^ \circ } + \tan {{60}^ \circ }}}{{1 - \tan {{105}^ \circ }.\tan {{60}^ \circ }}}\\ = \frac{{ - 2 - \sqrt 3  + \sqrt 3 }}{{1 - ( - 2 - \sqrt 3 ).\sqrt 3 }} =  - 2 + \sqrt 3 \end{array}\)

\(\sin 2a = \sin \left( {a + a} \right) = \sin a.\cos a + \cos a.\sin a = 2\sin a\cos a\)

\(\begin{array}{l}\cos 2a = \cos \left( {a + a} \right) = \cos a.\cos a - \sin a.\sin a = {\cos ^2}a - {\sin ^2}a\\\tan 2a = \tan \left( {a + a} \right) = \frac{{\tan a + \tan a}}{{1 - \tan a.\tan a}} = \frac{{2\tan a}}{{1 - {{\tan }^2}a}}\end{array}\)

Áp dụng công thức nhân đôi ta có:

\(\tan \alpha  = \frac{{2.\tan \frac{\alpha }{2}}}{{1 - {{\tan }^2}\frac{\alpha }{2}}} = \frac{{2.( - 2)}}{{1 - {{( - 2)}^2}}} = \frac{4}{3}\)

Ta có : \({\sin ^2}\frac{\pi }{8} = \frac{{1 - \cos \frac{\pi }{4}}}{2} = \frac{{2 - \sqrt 2 }}{4}\)

Mà \(\sin \frac{\pi }{8} > 0\) nên \(\sin \frac{\pi }{8} = \frac{{\sqrt {2 - \sqrt 2 } }}{2}\)

Ta có : \({\cos ^2}\frac{\pi }{8} = \frac{{1 + \cos \frac{\pi }{4}}}{2} = \frac{{2 + \sqrt 2 }}{4}\)

Mà \(\cos \frac{\pi }{8} > 0\) nên \(\cos \frac{\pi }{8} = \frac{{\sqrt {2 + \sqrt 2 } }}{2}\)

\(\begin{array}{l}\cos \left( {a + b} \right) + \cos \left( {a - b} \right) = \cos a.\cos b - \sin a.\sin b + \sin a.\sin b + \cos a.\cos b = 2\cos a.\cos b\\\cos \left( {a + b} \right) - \cos \left( {a - b} \right) = \cos a.\cos b - \sin a.\sin b - \sin a.\sin b - \cos a.\cos b =  - 2\sin a.\sin b\\\sin \left( {a + b} \right) + \sin \left( {a - b} \right) = \sin a.\cos b + \cos a.\sin b + \sin a.\cos b - \cos a.\sin b = 2\sin a.\cos b\end{array}\)