Bài tập: Từ loại 1. The park service asks visitors to behave _______ and show respect for wildlife. (responsible)2. The _______ of the Board of Directors is scheduled for Monday (elect)3. In order to...

1. The park service asks visitors to behave _______ and show respect for wildlife. A. responsiblyB. responsibleC. responsibilityD. responsibilities2. The _______ of Board of Directors is scheduled for Monday. A. electionB. electedC. electsD. electable3. In order to suppress harmful insects and weeds, garden maintenance companies must choose the right products and apply them _______A. correction B. correctlyC. correctedD. correcting4. The CEO will use her _______ in determining how the reorganization of the company will be conducted.A. discretionaryB. discreteC. discretely D. discretion5. _______ by the audience’s positive reaction to its music, the Gary Jones played well past midnight. A. DelightedB. DelightedlyC. DelightfulD. DelightCâu trả lời: 1. The park service asks visitors to behave _______ and show respect for wildlife. A. responsiblyB. responsibleC. responsibilityD. responsibilities2. The _______ of Board of Directors is scheduled for Monday. A. electionB. electedC. electsD. electable3. In order to suppress harmful insects and weeds, garden maintenance companies must choose the right products and apply them _______A. correction B. correctlyC. correctedD. correcting4. The CEO will use her _______ in determining how the reorganization of the company will be conducted.A. discretionaryB. discreteC. discretely D. discretion5. _______ by the audience’s positive reaction to its music, the Gary Jones played well past midnight. A. DelightedB. DelightedlyC. DelightfulD. Delight

Bài tập: Từ loại 1. The park service asks visitors to behave _______ and show respect for wildlife. (responsible)2. The...

Hãy tham gia nhóm Học sinh Hoc24OLM

DT

Đặng Huỳnh Trâm

10 tháng 2 2019 lúc 18:46

Giúp mình với nhé mng. HANDLING the INTERVIEW The..................of the interview is to provide a case history of the candidate.It may be a tall order to................a candidate to tell you the details of his or her life in the time, usually quite the short..............is the available for the interview. If candidates are convinced that there is a sympatheic listener,................, it is suprising................ communicative they can become. Conducting an interview................r...

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Giúp mình với nhé mng.

HANDLING the INTERVIEW

The..................of the interview is to provide a case history of the candidate.It may be a tall order to................a candidate to tell you the details of his or her life in the time, usually quite the short..............is the available for the interview. If candidates are convinced that there is a sympatheic listener,................, it is suprising................ communicative they can become.

Conducting an interview................relies esentially on two things. The first is the establishment of a relationship with candidates, ................will encourage them to talk freely about themselves. This can't be done if interviews use interviews as an.................to show what busy and important...............they are. ................can it be done by a series of set formulae for putting the candidates at ease, ....................as shaking hands or offering coffee. The second task is to steer the candidate over the ground to be covered so that the essential facts appear as quickly as possible and irrelevancies are cut down to a minium. Each remark................guide the candidate to talk about the right things.................interrupting the flow of conversation. Each interview is..................and foremost a conversation, and unless it is successfull as such it will................be a good interview.

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Lớp 11 Tiếng anh Luyện tập tổng hợp

PT

Phụng Nguyễn Thị

19 tháng 10 2019 lúc 17:35

Read the passage and do the exercise below English Volunteer Teachers in Vietnam There is a serious shortage of English teachers in high schools , colleges and universities . Many students have only had the chance to learn English from a local Vietnamese teacher , who is responsible for around 50 students . Volunteers from English speaking countries are needed to assit Vietnamese teachers to teach the students correct English pronunciation and conversational skills as it is...

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Read the passage and do the exercise below

English Volunteer Teachers in Vietnam

There is a serious shortage of English teachers in high schools , colleges and universities . Many students have only had the chance to learn English from a local Vietnamese teacher , who is responsible for around 50 students . Volunteers from English speaking countries are needed to assit Vietnamese teachers to teach the students correct English pronunciation and conversational skills as it is considered a valuable asset . Please note that if you wish to volunteer during the school holidays in July and August you will be teaching English to 6-18 year olds as a part of the Children's Program .

In Vietnam , the English language is considered as a gateway to the students' future and a chance to escape poverty . Effective use of the English language will provide students with confidence and improve their future employment opprtunities .

Volunteers in the Teaching program are not required to be a qualified teacher or have any previous teaching experience All we ask is that you give 100% effort and enthusiasm in your work with the students .

Write " T " before the sentence if it is true . Write " F" if the sentence is not true .

1. Volunteer teachers will help Vietnamese teachers to teach the students pronunciation and conversational skills

2. Each volunteer teacher will have to be responsible for a class of 50 students

3. Volunteers in this teaching program must be qualified and experienced in teaching English

4. Volunteer teachers should be enthusiastic about their work with students .

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Lớp 11 Tiếng anh Luyện tập tổng hợp

NT

Nguyễn Thị Minh Trang

21 tháng 4 2020 lúc 12:23

The little chefs Hilary Rose travels to Dorset, in the south of England, to investigate a cookery course for children. There must be something in the air in Dorset, because the last place you’d expect to fi nd children during the summer holidays is in the kitchen. Yet in a farmhouse, deep in the English countryside, that’s exactly where they are – on a cookery course designed especially for children. It’s all the idea of Anna Wilson, who wants to educate young children about cooking and eating i...

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The little chefs Hilary Rose travels to Dorset, in the south of England, to investigate a cookery course for children. There must be something in the air in Dorset, because the last place you’d expect to fi nd children during the summer holidays is in the kitchen. Yet in a farmhouse, deep in the English countryside, that’s exactly where they are – on a cookery course designed especially for children. It’s all the idea of Anna Wilson, who wants to educate young children about cooking and eating in a healthy way. ‘I’m very keen to plant the idea in their heads that food doesn’t grow on supermarket shelves,’ she explains. ‘The course is all about making food fun and enjoyable.’ She thinks that eight is the perfect age to start teaching children to cook, because at that age they are always hungry. 9() These children are certainly all smiles as they arrive at the country farmhouse. Three girls and four boys aged from ten to thirteen make up the group. They are immediately given a tour of what will be ‘home’ for the next 48 hours. 10 But one thing is quite clear – they all have a genuine interest in food and learning how to cook. Anna has worked as a chef in all sorts of situations and has even cooked for the crew of a racing yacht, in limited space and diffi cult weather conditions. 11 ‘Kids are easy to teach,’ she insists, ‘because they’re naturally curious and if you treat them like adults they listen to you.’ Back in the kitchen, Anna is giving the introductory talk, including advice on keeping hands clean, and being careful around hot ovens. 12 Judging by the eager looks on their young faces as they watch Anna’s demonstration, they are just keen to start cooking. The children learn the simplest way, by watching and then doing it themselves. They gather round as Anna chops an onion for the fi rst evening meal. Then the boys compete with each other to chop their onions as fast as possible, while the girls work carefully, concentrating on being neat. 13 When they learn to make bread, the girls knead the dough with their hands competently, while the boys punch it into the board, cheerfully hitting the table with their fi sts. The following morning, four boys with dark shadows under their eyes stumble into the kitchen at 8.30 a.m. to learn how to make breakfast (sausages and eggs, and fruit drinks made with yoghurt and honey). We learn later that they didn’t stop talking until 4.30 a.m. 14 Ignoring this, Anna brightly continues trying to persuade everyone that fruit drinks are just as interesting as sausages and eggs. Anna has great plans for the courses and is reluctant to lower her standards in any way, even though her students are so young. 15 ‘And I like to keep the course fees down,’ Anna adds, ‘because if the children enjoy it and go on to teach their own children to cook, I feel it’s worth it.’ If this course doesn’t inspire them to cook, nothing will.

A This is followed by a session on ‘knife skills’, which will be important later on.

B She always uses top- quality ingredients, such as the best cuts of meat and the fi nest cheeses, so there’s clearly no profi t motive in this operation.

C As they wander round, they argue lightheartedly about who has had the most experience in the kitchen.

D In the garden, they learn about the herbs that they will use in their cooking.

E Their obvious tiredness may explain why one of them goes about the task so carelessly that the ingredients end up on the fl oor.

F This is particularly true of young boys, who are happy to do anything that will end in a meal.

G As a result, she has a very relaxed attitude to cooking, constantly encouraging the children and never talking down to them.

H This contrast will become something of a theme during the course.

Nối câu

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Lớp 11 Tiếng anh Luyện tập tổng hợp

SP

Soul Paper

14 tháng 10 2018 lúc 19:06

Choose the suitable word given in the margin and supply its correct form to complete the gaps. Important social changes are taking place in the areas of marriage and family. There is a global (1) _________ going on in how we think of ourselves and how we form ties and (2) with others. What most people call the traditional family was in fact a transitional phase in family (3) _______ in the 1950s. By then the idea that romantic love was the best (4) _______ for marriage had replaced the con...

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Choose the suitable word given in the margin and supply its correct form to complete the gaps.

Important social changes are taking place in the areas of marriage and family. There

is a global (1) _________ going on in how we think of ourselves and how we form

ties and (2) with others.

What most people call the traditional family was in fact a transitional phase in family (3) _______ in the 1950s. By then the idea that romantic love was the best (4) _______ for marriage had replaced the concept of marriage as an economic contrast. The family has since changed further.

In the traditional family the married couple was only one part of the family system. Ties with children and other relatives were equally important in day-to-say (5) _______. Today the couple is at the core of what the family is. While statistically marriage is still the norm, for most people its (6) _______ has completely changed. although marriage promotes the (7) ______ of a relationship by making a public declaration of (8) _________, it is now the quality of the couple's relationship which is considered the most important element.

a couple has its own exclusive history. It is a unit based upon emotional communication or (9) _______. Communication is both the means of establishing the tie in the first place and the basis for ensuring continuing (10) ___ in the relationship.

1, commit

2, connect

3, develop

4, exist

5, find

6, happy

7, intimate

8, revolve

9, sign

10, stable

Good luck :3

#Quin

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Lớp 11 Tiếng anh Luyện tập tổng hợp

MD

Minh Nguyễn Đức

5 tháng 1 2019 lúc 10:58

Read the following article about ice-skating. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-I for each part (1-8) of the article. A. Prepare yourself B. The benefits of the sport C. When things go wrong D. Different skating techniques E. A change in approach F. The right attitude G. Moving off H. Holding your body correctly I. How it all started 1...... Ice skating has a history of thousands of years. Archaelogists have discovered skates made from animal bone. It seems that bone ska...

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Read the following article about ice-skating. Choose the most suitable heading from the list A-I for each part (1-8) of the article.

A. Prepare yourself

B. The benefits of the sport

C. When things go wrong

D. Different skating techniques

E. A change in approach

F. The right attitude

G. Moving off

H. Holding your body correctly

I. How it all started

1......
Ice skating has a history of thousands of years. Archaelogists have discovered skates made from animal bone. It seems that bone skates were used until the introduction of iron into Scandinavia about the year 200 AD. Among the Scandinavian upper classes, skating was seen as an essential skill.
2.......

In the early 20th century, skating was stylish and reserved, but at the 1924 Winter Olympics, 11-year-old Sonja Henie introduced a more athletic attitude which inspired a new wave of popularity. Nowadays art and athletics are combined and modern skating is both graceful and physically demanding.
3......
For the beginner, balance and control are still important and speed can only increase with proficiency. The position of your body plays a great part in the balance. Legs slightly bowed and the knees bent keep the body weight centred; in effect the body leans slightly forward in this position. For skating, probably more than any other sport or recreation, relaxation is vital.
4......
For the starting position, the heels shoould almost be touching and the feet should be turned outwards. While pushing forward with the back foot, you make a very small movement with the other foot. Fairly easy, isn't it? If you can keep this up for a while, you can then slowly increase the length of your movements as you gain experience.
5......
Knowing how to fall must be learned among the skater's first skills. Even the best of the professionals fall. In order to fall without injury, you should be as relaxed as possible. In this way the shock of hitting the ice is lessened. To get up, use your hands to get into a kneeling position, then stand.
6......
Once you have learned to move on the ice with confidence, there are various styles to be practised - figure skaing, free style, distance, speed, skating in pairs and so on - but the basis of them all, and by far the best approach, is first to learn figure skating and then elementary freestyle. With proper guidance available at most of the ice rinks troughout the country, the basic figures can soon be learned and the turns, jumps and spins of elementary free style will soon follow.
7......
If you look at any good or professional skater, you will see how relaxed they are and how easily they move. To achieve this an expertise programme should be regularly practised. It can be dangerous to skate with a stiff body and warm-up exercises should at least include those for the legs, back and shoulders, with special emphasis on the ankles and knees. After a long or intense session, the same exercises should be used afterwards to avoid stiffness.
8......
Skating improves balance, co-ordination, relaxation and movement. It improves heart and lung activity and generally strengthens the body. Combined with swimming or jogging, it provides a great programme for all-round health and fitness.

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Lớp 11 Tiếng anh Luyện tập tổng hợp

H24

adfghjkl

23 tháng 11 2019 lúc 20:38

I. Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the suggested word. 1. My school has conducted several volunteer programs to raise students awareness of helping others. (BEEN) 2. My grandfather became deaf when he turned 70 years old. (SINCE) 3. James last visited his mother, who has been living in the nursing home, in December. (NOT) 4. Helen and her boyfriend havent gone on a date for ages. (IT) 5. When Maria started college, she stopped doing volunteer work. (SINCE) II. Read the passa...

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I. Rewrite each of the following sentences, using the suggested word.

1. My school has conducted several volunteer programs to raise students' awareness of helping others. (BEEN)

2. My grandfather became deaf when he turned 70 years old. (SINCE)

3. James last visited his mother, who has been living in the nursing home, in December. (NOT)

4. Helen and her boyfriend haven't gone on a date for ages. (IT)

5. When Maria started college, she stopped doing volunteer work. (SINCE)

II. Read the passage and choose the best answer to each of the following questions.

four great reasons for high school students to volunteer

Volunteer work presents a great opportunity for teenagers to prepare for the future, as well as to improve their communities. In addition to boosting socializing skills and awareness of local organizations and social issues, high school students who volunteer often may have an advantage over their peers when headed off to college.

1. Gaining New Skills

With each new volunteer activity, students gain new skills. The skills seem to be basic or trivial at the time of training, but may provide fundamental grounds for future success. For example, For example, by managing the receipt, sorting and distributing the donations from community, school students might learn how to use spreadsheets to keep track of inventory. These skills are a great foundation for a job in management, accounting, or running a small business.

2. Giving Time

One of the most charitable acts anyone can do is donate their time and talents. Students who are busy with after-school sports or work to help support their families and still make time to volunteer on evenings or weekends show their outstanding character and resolve to make a difference. High school students may help to mentor younger ones or to assist with one-time special events held on weekends.

3. Showing Responsibility

Just like going to a job, committing to a volunteer position shows a student's responsibility. High school students should get involved in volunteer programs relating to their hobbies in order to naturally build responsibility. For example, those who love to read can find volunteer opportunities with a local library and those who enjoy sports can coach athletics at an after-school program for children.

4. Adding to the Resume

If a high school student's pre-college resume is limited to summer employment at a local restaurant or a cafe. it might be time to add a few lines. Commitment to community volunteer work over a long time shows that a student is willing to work for something without monetary compensation, including a college internship or apprenticeship, which may be a requirement of college programs.

1. According to the passage, who is volunteer work beneficial to?

A. high school students

B. students' communities

C. both students and communities

D. none of them

2. The word 'trivial' in paragraph 2 most closely means ________

A. important

B. significant

C. of little importance

D. fundamental

3. According to the passage, what job will the students' skill of using spreadsheets be useful to?

A. a manager

B. an accountant

C. a business owner

D. all of them

4. Why should busy students make their time to volunteer?

A. to demonstrate their excellent quality

B. to show their outstanding outcomes

C. to support their families

D. to develop their talents

5. According to the passage, what volunteer programs help to develop students' responsibility?

A. The programs are related to their future jobs

B. The programs are related to their interests

C. The programs are available after school

D. The programs are held by their local library

6. What volunteer work may be suitable for a student who likes sports?

A. working in a local library

B. joining a football team in their school

C. being a sport instructor at a primary school

D. coaching a football program for children after school hours

7. The phrase 'it might be time to add a few lines' in paragraph 5 most closely means________

A. Some more lines should be added in your resume

B. Much volunteer work must be included in your resume

C. You might spend more time to write your resume

D. Your resume should include your experience in volunteering

8. What may be a requirement of college programs for their future students?

A. being able to work over time

B. agreeing to work as a paid apprentice

C. being willing to work without being paid

D. being employed before

III. Read the text and decide whether the sentences are true (T) or false (F)

USAID IN Vietnam

Assisting persons with disabilities has long been one of the top priorities for the U.S. Government in Vietnam. Since 1989, with the establishment of the U.S. Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Leahy War Victims Fund (LWVF), USAID is working to increase the availability of and access to a wide variety of programs benefiting people with disabilities in conflict-affected countries.

In Vietnam, U. S. assistance has helped address medical needs and support the inclusion of Vietnamese with disabilities into all aspects of society. The U.S. Government has contributed more than $80 million in assistance to persons with disabilities, has improved the lives of more than 30,000 persons with disabilities, and has strengthened the Government of Vietnam’s capacity to provide high quality services to those in need. USAID has provided rehabilitation services for tens of thousands of persons with disabilities, education and vocational training including information technology, job placement, supporting parent associations to expand the advocacy for disability issues, and support for the development of legal codes to improve physical accessibility for persons with disabilities in public buildings.

USAID'S work supporting persons with disabilities is also viewed by many as contributing to successful US-Vietnam cooperation to overcome the painful past shared by the two countries. Program activities work in three areas: policy advocacy and coordination, direct assistance including occupational and physical therapy and providing assistive devices, and health systems strengthening, to provide quality disabilities-related care and treatment. Persons with disabilities have been more readily integrated into society by improving their access to health, education and social services. USAID programs support local governments in implementing the national disability law and the U.N. Convention on the rights of Persons with disabilities, and influencing public policies that affect the lives of persons with disabilities.

1. USAID was established in 1989 _____

2. USAID aims to make various programs benefiting all people in conflict-affected countries ___________

3. Addressing medical needs of Vietnamese people is the priority of U.S assistance in Vietnam ___________

4. American government has made an $80 million contribution to help disabled people in Vietnam __________

5. Thanks to USAID, more high quality services are provided to disabled people in Vietnam __________

6. USAID has helped to rehabilitate only a limited number of persons with disabilities in Vietnam __________

7. USAID work makes a great contribution to the success of US-Vietnam cooperation ___________

8. The main focus of USAID activities is providing direct assistance with occupation replacement and health treatment for the disabled. ___________

9. Having better access to health, education and social services, the disabled in Vietnam have become more integrated into society ___________

10. Thanks to USAID programs, the Vietnam's national disability law and the U.N. Convention on the Rights of persons with disabilities have been enforced ___________

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Lớp 11 Tiếng anh Luyện tập tổng hợp

CN

Cô Bé Ngốc

27 tháng 9 2016 lúc 13:09

Dịch hộ mk đoạn văn sau nha các bạn. On the lookoutA forest rangers life is a busy life.Part of his job is caring for the trees in the forest where he works.The soil below the trees ang the animals around them are all in the care of the forest ranger.Each year,some trees must be cut.Nem treesmust be planted.Trees must be protected from insects,disease,and fire.many of our beautiful forest would be destroyed by fires if it were not for the quic...

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Dịch hộ mk đoạn văn sau nha các bạn.

On the lookout

A forest ranger's life is a busy life.Part of his job is caring for the trees in the forest where he works.The soil below the trees ang the animals around them are all in the care of the forest ranger.Each year,some trees must be cut.Nem treesmust be planted.Trees must be protected from insects,disease,and fire.

many of our beautiful forest would be destroyed by fires if it were not for the quick work of the forest rangers.

In dry weather,one man must be one the lookout for fire all the time.He sits in the look-out tower and watches for smock.At the first sigm of smock,he uses the telephone or radio to tell othr rangers where the fire is.

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Lớp 11 Tiếng anh Luyện tập tổng hợp

PT

Phúc Thịnh

23 tháng 8 2020 lúc 16:17

E. Complete each paragraph using the correct form of one of the following verbs. There may be more than one possible answer. not submit - welcome - finalise - distribute - hold 1. The programme of events for this years student induction week (1) has been finalised The principal (2) ....................... the new students at 12 oclock on Monday 5th September in the main hall. Individual departments (3) ..................... meetings that afternoon, so booklists can be han...

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E. Complete each paragraph using the correct form of one of the following verbs. There may be more than one possible answer. not submit - welcome - finalise - distribute - hold 1. "The programme of events for this year's student induction week (1) has been finalised The principal (2) ....................... the new students at 12 o'clock on Monday 5th September in the main hall. Individual departments (3) ..................... meetings that afternoon, so booklists can be handed out. By the end of the day, tutors (4) ....................... the lists to all new students. Second-year students who (5) ....................... their course request forms must do so by Wednesday 7th September at the latest. wait - recognise - get - take - arrange - drive 2. "I've got to go to the doctor's the afternoon you arrive. I hope you don't mind, but 1 (1)........................ for someone to come and pick you up. When you (2)........................... to the airport, go straight to the information desk, where Tina (3).......................... with a sign with your name on it, so you (4)....................... her right away. She (5)....................... you to my house. 1 (6)........................... a few days off work so we can do some sightseeing together. Can't wait to see you! appeal - measure - not need - realise - consider - buy - grow - keep 3. “So, you (1)........................ getting a pet. Hamsters and canaries are so old-fashioned. The local pet shop has snakes and lizards, and the idea of an iguana in your bedroom really (2)....................... to you. But before you (3)............................ one on impulse, there are a few things you should know. A baby iguana (4)......................... a lot of space at first, but it (5)...................... very quickly. An adult male (6)......................... up to six feet long. Where (7)........................... a creature of that size? And (8)............................. that it will probably live for up to 20 years? '

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Lớp 11 Tiếng anh Luyện tập tổng hợp

H24

肖战

30 tháng 7 2019 lúc 14:05

The Penny Black It might not have looked very impressive, but the Penny Black, now 170 years old, was the first stamp to be created and it launched the modem postal system in Britain. Before 1840 and the arrival of the Penny Black, you had to be rich and patient to use the Royal Mail. Delivery was charged according to the miles travelled and the number of sheets of paper used; a 2-page letter sent from Edinburgh to London, for example, would have cost 2 shillings, or more than £7 in today’s mo...

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The Penny Black

It might not have looked very impressive, but the Penny Black, now 170 years old, was the first stamp to be created and it launched the modem postal system in Britain.

Before 1840 and the arrival of the Penny Black, you had to be rich and patient to use the Royal Mail. Delivery was charged according to the miles travelled and the number of sheets of paper used; a 2-page letter sent from Edinburgh to London, for example, would have cost 2 shillings, or more than £7 in today’s money. And when the top-hatted letter carrier came to deliver it, it was the recipient who had to pay for the postage. Letter writers employed various ruses to reduce the cost, doing everything possible to cram more words onto a page. Nobody bothered with heavy envelopes; instead, letters would be folded and sealed with wax. You then had to find a post office - there were no pillar boxes - and hope your addressee didn't live in one of the several rural areas which were not served by the system. If you were lucky, your letter would arrive (it could take days) without being read or censored.

The state of mail had been causing concern throughout the 1830s, but it was Rowland Hill, an inventor, teacher and social reformer from Kidderminster, who proposed a workable plan for change. Worried that a dysfunctional, costly service would stifle communication just as Britain was in the swing of its second industrial revolution, he believed reform would ease the distribution of ideas and stimulate trade and business, delivering the same promise as the new railways.

Hill’s proposal for the penny post, which meant any letter weighing less than half an ounce (14 grams) could be sent anywhere in Britain for about 30p in today’s money, was so radical that the Postmaster General, Lord Lichfield, said, 'Of all the wild and visionary schemes which I ever heard of, it is the most extravagant.’ Lord Lichfield spoke for an establishment not convinced of the need for poor people to post anything. But merchants and reformers backed Hill. Soon the government told him to make his scheme work. And that meant inventing a new type of currency.

Hill quickly settled on 'a bit of paper covered at the back with a glutinous wash which the user might, by applying a little moisture, attach to the back of a letter’. Stamps would be printed in sheets of 240 that could be cut using scissors or a knife. Perforations would not arrive until 1854. The idea stuck, and in August 1839 the Treasury launched a design competition open to ‘all artists, men of science and the public in general’. The new stamp would need to be resistant to forgery, and so it was a submission by one Mr Cheverton that Hill used as the basis for one of the most striking designs in history. Cheverton, who worked as a sculptor and an engineer, determined that a portrait of Queen Victoria, engraved for a commemorative coin when she was a 15-year-old princess, was detailed enough to make copying difficult, and recognisable enough to make fakes easy to spot. The words ‘Postage’ and ‘One Penny’ were added alongside flourishes and ornamental stars. Nobody thought to add the word ‘Britain’, as it was assumed that the stamps would solely be put to domestic use.

With the introduction of the new postal system, the Penny Black was an instant hit, and printers struggled to meet demand. By the end of 1840, more than 160 million letters had been sent - more than double the previous year. It created more work for the post office, whose reform continued with the introduction of red letter boxes, new branches and more frequent deliveries, even to the remotest address, but its lasting impact on society was more remarkable.

Hill and his supporters rightly predicted that cheaper post would improve the ‘diffusion of knowledge’. Suddenly, someone in Scotland could be reached by someone in London within a day or two. And as literacy improved, sections of society that had been disenfranchised found a voice.

Tristram Hunt, an historian, values the ‘flourishing of correspondence’ that followed the arrival of stamps. ‘While I was writing my biography of Friedrich Engels I could read the letters he and Marx sent between Manchester and London,’ he says. ‘They wrote to each other three times a day, pinging ideas back and forth so that you can almost follow a real-time correspondence.’

The penny post also changed the nature of the letter. Weight-saving tricks such as cross-writing began to die out, while the arrival of envelopes built confidence among correspondents that mail would not be stolen or read. And so people wrote more private things - politically or commercially sensitive information or love letters. ‘In the early days of the penny post, there was still concern about theft,’ Hunt says. ‘Engels would still send Marx money by ripping up five-pound notes and sending the pieces in different letters.’ But the probity of the postal system became a great thing and it came to be expected that your mail would not be tampered with.

For all its brilliance, the Penny Black was technically a failure. At first, post offices used red ink to cancel stamps so that they could not be used again. But the ink could be removed. When in 1842, it was determined that black ink would be more robust, the colour of the Penny Black became a sort of browny red, but Hill’s brainchild had made its mark.

Choose the correct letter, A, B, C or D.

1. One of the characteristics of the postal service before the 1840s was that

A. postmen were employed by various organisations.
B. letters were restricted to a certain length.
C. distance affected the price of postage.
D. the price of delivery kept going up.

2. Letter writers in the 1830s

A. were not responsible for the cost of delivery.
B. tried to fit more than one letter into an envelope.
C. could only send letters to people living in cities.
D. knew all letters were automatically read by postal staff.

3. What does the text say about Hill in the 1830s?

A. He was the first person to express concern about the postal system.
B. He considered it would be more efficient for mail to be delivered by rail.
C. He felt that postal service reform was necessary for commercial development.
D. His plan received support from all the important figures of the day.

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