a)
b) (x – 1)(x + 1)(x2 + 1)
= [x .(x + 1) – 1 .(x + 1)] . (x2 + 1)
= {x.x + x.1 + (-1).x + (-1).1}. (x2 + 1)
= (x2 + x – x – 1) . (x2 + 1)
= (x2 – 1) . (x2 + 1)
= x2 . (x2 +1) – 1.(x2 + 1)
= x2 . x2 + x2 . 1 – (1.x2 + 1.1)
= x4 + x2 – (x2 + 1)
= x4 + x2 – x2 – 1
= x4 – 1